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physiology test5 > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomal sex determines _________ sex, which determines _________ sex

A

chromosomal sex –> gonadal sex –> phenotypic sex

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2
Q

sexual “differentiation” occurs when?

A

as a fetus

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3
Q

sexual “maturation” occurs when?

A

puberty

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4
Q

endocrine abnormalities during embrygenesis could cause what sexual disgenesis?

A

hermaphrodite

testicular feminization

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5
Q

endocrine abnormalities during puberty could cause what sexual dysgenesi?

A

failure to develop breasts (in females)

abnormal development of breats (males)

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6
Q

gonadal abnormalities could cause what sexual dygenesis?

A

gonad dysgenesis

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7
Q

______ cells direct the formation of male/female primordial gonads, specified by _____

A

germ cells, specified by XX or XY genotype

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8
Q

testes develop from the _______ part of the primordial gonads, ovaries from the ______

A 
medullar = testes
cortex = ovaries
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9
Q

what is the definition of accessory sex organs?

A

the duct-work needed to transport gametes

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10
Q

what comprises the “primary sex cahracteristics” of someone?

A

gonads + accessory sex organs

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11
Q

what is the default pathway? male or female?

A

female is default (will occur with no hormones)

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12
Q

what is required to put the gonads on a “male” track?

A 
Antimalarian Hormone (AMH): supresses mullerian ducts
Testosterone: locks in wolfian ducts
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13
Q

the male ducts are called what? female?

A 
male = wolfian ducts
female = mullerian ducts
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14
Q

development of male external genitilia depends on what ?

A

synthesis of DHT in the fetal urogenital sinus by 5-alphareductase

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15
Q

development of female external genitialia depends on what?

A

absence of AMH

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16
Q

impaired testicular descent is caused by what?

A

5-alpha reductase deficiency leading to insufficient DHT

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17
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

genetic male with external female genitilia due to defective androgen receptors (phenotypically normal looking female)

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18
Q

what stimulates puberty?

A

testosterone in males

estrogen and progesterone in females

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19
Q

how does the hypothalamus control the gonads?

A

hypothalamus –> GnRH –> pituitary –> pulsatile release of LH + FSH

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20
Q

what hormone only works with pulsatile release?

A

LH

21
Q

waht cells do LH and FSH target?

A

LH : leydig(M) and thecal(F) cells

FSH : sertoli(M) and granulosa(F) cells

22
Q

what kind of hormones are LH and FSH

A

proteins

23
Q

what does LH do to leydig cells?

A

produces testosterone

24
Q

what does FSH fo to serotli cells?

A

produces estrogen

stimulates spermatogenesis

25
Q

what 2 mechanisms act to inhibit the release of LH and FSH?

A
  • testosterone from leydig cells feeds back to inhibit GnRH release
  • inhibin from sertoli cells feeds back to inhibit FSH release
26
Q

how are medical analogues of GnRH used to chemically castrate?

A

too much stimulation will eventually down regulate the release of LH and FSH

27
Q

puberty is associate with a ______ rise in ______

A

nocturnal rise in LH

28
Q

what happens to testosterone after its synthesized?

A

diffuses into nearby sertoli cells where its converted to ESTRADIOL by AROMATASE

29
Q

what does estradiol do in males?

A

acts on leydig cells to further increase testosterone production

30
Q

male pattern baldness is due to what hormones?

A

DHT

31
Q

sperm originate from _____ cells in the _____

A

germ cells in the seminiferous tubules

32
Q

______ cells support sperm maturation

A

sertoli

33
Q

____ days are required for sperm production

A

60-70

34
Q

sperm are stored in the ________-

A

vas deferens

35
Q

what does LH do in females?

A

acts on theca cells to increase progesterone and androgens

36
Q

what does FSH do in females?

A

acts on the granulosa cells to increase aromatase, activins, and INHIBIN

37
Q

how doe females feedback inhibit FSH/LH?

A
  • activin and inhibin from the granulosa cells act on the pituitary
  • estrogens and progestins act on hypothalamus and pituitary
38
Q

female puberty is associate with release of ________

A

FSH first, then later LH and estradiol

39
Q

elevated _____ in females stimulates LH release

A

estrogen

40
Q

the major product of the follicular phase is _____

A

estradiol

41
Q

the major product of the corpus luteum are _____

A

progestins

42
Q

failure to implant leads to a sudden drop in _____

A

estrogen and progesterone

43
Q

the menstrual cycle is what 3 phases?

A

follicular
luteal
menstrual

44
Q

during the _____ pahse the endometrium become very glandular

A

luteal

45
Q

in the follicular phase, _____ primes the theca cells to produce androstenidione from ______

A

LH

cholesterol

46
Q

where is androstenidione converted to estradiol?

A

in the granulosa cell which has aromatase

47
Q

what generally happens in the luteal phase?

A

vascularization allows the corpus luteum to make PROGESTERONE

48
Q

follicles mature under the control of ___

A

LH and FSH

physiology test5 (6 decks)

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