Repro

Question 1

chromosomal sex determines _________ sex, which determines _________ sex

Answer 1

chromosomal sex –> gonadal sex –> phenotypic sex

Question 2

sexual “differentiation” occurs when?

Answer 2

as a fetus

Question 3

sexual “maturation” occurs when?

Answer 3

puberty

Question 4

endocrine abnormalities during embrygenesis could cause what sexual disgenesis?

Answer 4

hermaphrodite

testicular feminization

Question 5

endocrine abnormalities during puberty could cause what sexual dysgenesi?

Answer 5

failure to develop breasts (in females)

abnormal development of breats (males)

Question 6

gonadal abnormalities could cause what sexual dygenesis?

Answer 6

gonad dysgenesis

Question 7

______ cells direct the formation of male/female primordial gonads, specified by _____

Answer 7

germ cells, specified by XX or XY genotype

Question 8

testes develop from the _______ part of the primordial gonads, ovaries from the ______

Answer 8

medullar = testes
cortex = ovaries

Question 9

what is the definition of accessory sex organs?

Answer 9

the duct-work needed to transport gametes

Question 10

what comprises the “primary sex cahracteristics” of someone?

Answer 10

gonads + accessory sex organs

Question 11

what is the default pathway? male or female?

Answer 11

female is default (will occur with no hormones)

Question 12

what is required to put the gonads on a “male” track?

Answer 12

Antimalarian Hormone (AMH): supresses mullerian ducts
Testosterone: locks in wolfian ducts

Question 13

the male ducts are called what? female?

Answer 13

male = wolfian ducts
female = mullerian ducts

Question 14

development of male external genitilia depends on what ?

Answer 14

synthesis of DHT in the fetal urogenital sinus by 5-alphareductase

Question 15

development of female external genitialia depends on what?

Answer 15

absence of AMH

Question 16

impaired testicular descent is caused by what?

Answer 16

5-alpha reductase deficiency leading to insufficient DHT

Question 17

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Answer 17

genetic male with external female genitilia due to defective androgen receptors (phenotypically normal looking female)

Question 18

what stimulates puberty?

Answer 18

testosterone in males

estrogen and progesterone in females

Question 19

how does the hypothalamus control the gonads?

Answer 19

hypothalamus –> GnRH –> pituitary –> pulsatile release of LH + FSH

Question 20

what hormone only works with pulsatile release?

Answer 20

LH

Question 21

waht cells do LH and FSH target?

Answer 21

LH : leydig(M) and thecal(F) cells

FSH : sertoli(M) and granulosa(F) cells

Question 22

what kind of hormones are LH and FSH

Answer 22

proteins

Question 23

what does LH do to leydig cells?

Answer 23

produces testosterone

Question 24

what does FSH fo to serotli cells?

Answer 24

produces estrogen

stimulates spermatogenesis

Question 25

what 2 mechanisms act to inhibit the release of LH and FSH?

Answer 25

- testosterone from leydig cells feeds back to inhibit GnRH release - inhibin from sertoli cells feeds back to inhibit FSH release

Question 26

how are medical analogues of GnRH used to chemically castrate?

Answer 26

too much stimulation will eventually down regulate the release of LH and FSH

Question 27

puberty is associate with a ______ rise in ______

Answer 27

nocturnal rise in LH

Question 28

what happens to testosterone after its synthesized?

Answer 28

diffuses into nearby sertoli cells where its converted to ESTRADIOL by AROMATASE

Question 29

what does estradiol do in males?

Answer 29

acts on leydig cells to further increase testosterone production

Question 30

male pattern baldness is due to what hormones?

Answer 30

DHT

Question 31

sperm originate from _____ cells in the _____

Answer 31

germ cells in the seminiferous tubules

Question 32

______ cells support sperm maturation

Answer 32

sertoli

Question 33

____ days are required for sperm production

Answer 33

60-70

Question 34

sperm are stored in the ________-

Answer 34

vas deferens

Question 35

what does LH do in females?

Answer 35

acts on theca cells to increase progesterone and androgens

Question 36

what does FSH do in females?

Answer 36

acts on the granulosa cells to increase aromatase, activins, and INHIBIN

Question 37

how doe females feedback inhibit FSH/LH?

Answer 37

- activin and inhibin from the granulosa cells act on the pituitary - estrogens and progestins act on hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 38

female puberty is associate with release of ________

Answer 38

FSH first, then later LH and estradiol

Question 39

elevated _____ in females stimulates LH release

Answer 39

estrogen

Question 40

the major product of the follicular phase is _____

Answer 40

estradiol

Question 41

the major product of the corpus luteum are _____

Answer 41

progestins

Question 42

failure to implant leads to a sudden drop in _____

Answer 42

estrogen and progesterone

Question 43

the menstrual cycle is what 3 phases?

Answer 43

follicular luteal menstrual

Question 44

during the _____ pahse the endometrium become very glandular

Answer 44

luteal

Question 45

in the follicular phase, _____ primes the theca cells to produce androstenidione from ______

Answer 45

LH | cholesterol

Question 46

where is androstenidione converted to estradiol?

Answer 46

in the granulosa cell which has aromatase

Question 47

what generally happens in the luteal phase?

Answer 47

vascularization allows the corpus luteum to make PROGESTERONE

Question 48

follicles mature under the control of ___

Answer 48

LH and FSH