Metab

Question 1

basal metabolic rate is ___ Kcal/kg/day or a total of ______

Answer 1

25 Kcal/kg/day, 1400cal total

Question 2

does BMR increase or decrease durign sleep?

Answer 2

increases

Question 3

other than ______ all sources of energy must be changed somehow before its able to be used

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

what is the most inefficient way to absorb energy?

Answer 4

fat absorption

Question 5

what is the brain’s basic rate of energy absorbtion?

Answer 5

5g of glucose per hour

Question 6

glucose transport into the brain is (dependent / independnt) of insulin

Answer 6

independent of insulin

Question 7

under extreme conditions the brain will use ______ for energy

Answer 7

ketones

Question 8

most of the energy storage of our body is in what form?

Answer 8

fats (75%)proteins (25%)

Question 9

what provides the body with “fast” energy?

Answer 9

carbs

Question 10

The “primary glucose regulator organ” is what?

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

In a “fasted state” (low insulin) what does the liverdo to control glucose?

Answer 11

glycogen –> glucosefatty acids –> glucose/TAG/ketones

Question 12

can muscle turn glycogen into glucose?

Answer 12

NO! it can store glucose as glycogen, but it can only convert that back to an intermediate form (glucose-6-phosphate) to be used in the muscle cell.

Question 13

what does muscle do to glucose in a “fed state”?

Answer 13

glucose –> glycogen, proteins

Question 14

what does muscle do to glucose in a “fasted state”?

Answer 14

glycogen, protein –> amino acids, lactate

Question 15

what does adipose do to glucose in a “fed” state?

Answer 15

glucose, fat –> triacylglycerol

Question 16

what does adipose do to glocose in a “fasted state”?

Answer 16

triacylglycerol –> fat, glycerol

Question 17

what are the max/min glucose levels of glucose in the brain?

Answer 17

3.9mM - 8.3mM

Question 18

what are the main deleterious effects of too much glucose in the brain?

Answer 18

damage to connective tissue and vasculature

Question 19

what are the counter-insulin hormones?

Answer 19

glucagon, GH, epinephrine, cortisol

Question 20

if you have a lot of fat in the blood, what will your glucagon do?

Answer 20

decrease in glucagon

Question 21

what enzyme converts glucose in to glycogen?

Answer 21

glucokinase, glycogen synthase

Question 22

what enzyme convert glycogen into glucose?

Answer 22

glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 23

why is the glucokinase enzyme of the liver so much slower than then muscle’s hexokinase at converting glucose to storage forms?

Answer 23

ensures that the Liver only takes up appreciable amount of glucose when there is A LOT of glucose present. All other times the brain and muscles are prioritized. When glucose levels are low, the reverse reaction is favorable in Liver due to this low affinity property of glucokinase.

Question 24

what is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 24

cant produce insulin

Question 25

what is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

insulin resistant (fat people are this)

Question 26

which counter regulatory hormone of insulin is associated with exercise?

Answer 26

epinephrine

Question 27

how does epinephrine oppose insulin?

Answer 27

Stimulates the following: - gluconeogenesis in liver - lactate in muscles - fatty acids from fat

Question 28

what stress hormones act to increase blood glucose?

Answer 28

epi and norepi (short acting) | corticosteroids (long acting)

Question 29

why are corticosteroid effects of raising glucose so much slower than epi and norepi?

Answer 29

because the cell has to synthesize proteins to complete their effect

Question 30

how do corticosteroids oppose insulin?

Answer 30

- increase insulin resistance - stimulate protein breakdown - potentiates glucagon and epinephrine's actions - stimulates lipolysis

Question 31

chronic increase in cortisol levels is associated with ______

Answer 31

diabetes

Question 32

short term storage of lipids occurs where?

Answer 32

muscle, liver

Question 33

what is the main lipid storage molecule? minor?

Answer 33

``` main = triglycerides minor = phospholipids, cholesterol ```

Question 34

how is triacylglycerol carried aroudn the body?

Answer 34

in the form of lipoproteins

Question 35

how are FFA's carried around the body?

Answer 35

carrier proteins or derivatized into glycerol or CoA

Question 36

what kind of fatty acids can go directly into your blood without having to be converted to a new form?

Answer 36

short and medium chain fatty acids - these are much more efficient for our bodies to utilize - babies use these from moms milk

Question 37

what are the names of the transport proteins for fats in the blood?

Answer 37

- Albumin (main way in serum, along with lipoproteins) | - FABP (intracellular)

Question 38

what will a protein meal do to insulin and glucagon?

Answer 38

increase both

Question 39

describe your metabolic state in the "postabsorptive state"

Answer 39

low glucose low insulin low glucagon

Question 40

use of carbs during excercise increases with _____

Answer 40

intensity of exercise

Question 41

what does "Respiratory Quotient" (RQ) tell us?

Answer 41

what kind of fuel your body is using 0.7 = fat (less efficient use of oxygen) 1 = carbs

Question 42

exhaustion correlates with depletion of ________

Answer 42

glycogen stores in the MUSCLES