Repro Flashcards
1
Q
Mx for ovulation supression
A
1st line: yasmine and eloine COC
-GnRH agonists
- Danazol (gnrh inhibitor)
-Oestrogen
- bilateral oopherectomy and hysterectomy with add back oestrogen only
2
Q
Cervical shock tx
A
Removing product from cervix
(Sometimes IV and uterotonics required)
(complication of miscarriage)
3
Q
Threatened miscarriage tx
A
Micronised progesterone
(to try and prevent a true miscarriage)
4
Q
Molar pregnancy management
how long must pregnancy be avoided afterwards
A
Surgical-(uterine evacuation) and tissues sent for histology to ascertain type
pregnancy should be avoided for 1 year after
5
Q
Bacterial vaginosis tx
(and avoid…)
A
Metronidazole oral/gel
Avoid alcohol
6
Q
Chlamydia
and If pregnant
A
doxycycline is first line
if pregnant: azithromycin/erythromycin/ amoxicillin
7
Q
Hyperemesis gravidarum management
A
saline + potassim chloride (fluid replacement)
IV or IM antiemetics
thiamine + folic acid
TED stocking and LMWH
8
Q
what anti-emetics are used for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (& for hyperemesis gravidarum)
and their side effects
A
first line: antihistamines- oraal cylizine or promethazine-
end in zine
2nd: oral ondansetron (SE 1st trim, cleft palate)
oral metoclopramide or domperidone:
(meto SE- extrapyramidal, do not use for longer than 5 days)
9
Q
Lifestyle advice for infertility
A
Stop smoking (and don’t replace with other nicotine products)
Bmi 18.5-30
Reduce/stop alcohol
Moderate caffeine
Stop recreation drugs/methadone for at least 12 months
Folic acid
10
Q
Pcos infertility tx
A
1st line: clomifene citrate / tamoxifen +/- metformin
Alternatively lenotraxin +/- metformin
2nd: gonadotrophin injections (risks multiple pregnancy, overstimulation)
Needs supervision
3rd : laproscopic ovarian diathermy
11
Q
Clomifene resistence
A
Add metformin
12
Q
Male infertility treatment
A
Ivf
…
13
Q
Blocked fallopian thbes tx
A
IVF
Sometimes if it is a very small blockage u can cannulate and open it
14
Q
Pregnancy of unkown location
A
Expectant management (will resolve itself)
Medical- methotrexate
15
Q
How long should a women wait to conceive after methotrexate management
A
6 months
16
Q
Ruptured cyst
A
premenopausal: conservative unless hypovolaemic shock
postmenopausal: laparoscopy
17
Q
Pelvic inflammatory disease management
A
oral ofloxacin + oral metronidazole
or
IM ceftriaxone + oral doxy + oral metronidazole
Advice she use barrier contraception as IUD removal should be considered
18
Q
Bartholins abscess/cyst
A
Conservative if small cyst
Antibiotics broad spectrum- if infected and systemically unwell
usually treated with:
-Word catheter
-Marsupialization
19
Q
TOP missed miscarriage medical tx
A
Mifepristone orally + bucall/sublingual/ vaginal misoprostol 24-48 hrs later
all women should be offered antiemetic and pain relief
Dose/frequency dependant on gestation
20
Q
incomplete miscarriage medical tx
A
single dose of misoprostol (vaginal, oral or sublingual)
all women should be offered anti-emetics and pain relief
21
Q
choosing type of TOP (termination of pregnancy)
A
medical or surgical offered up to and including 23+6 weeks
after 9 weeks medical abortions become less common (as inc risk of seeing products of conception pass and dec success rate)
<10 weeks medical abortions usually done at home
22
Q
What is screening must all women undergo for TOP
A
STI screening,
VTE risk screening- if high risk give LMWH after abortion. if v high risk give before +/- continue
Contraception consultation and offered contraception
23
Q
who receives antibiotic prophylaxis at time of abortion and regimen
A
those undergoing surgical TOP (STOP)
those undergoing MTOP with an increased risk of STI (if screening not performed/results unavailable)
regimen= 7 days doxcy
24
Q
rhesus isoimmunisation who to treat at time of abortion
A
if rhesus d negative and at risk, higher gestation and surgical procedure increases risk
anti D is the tx
25
Diagnosing gonnococcal urethritis on microscopy
Gram negative intracellular diplococci- gonnococcal urethritis (gonnorhea)
26
Primary genital hsv tx
When to admit
Aciclovir tx 400mg 3x a day 5 days
+ supportive tx
Admit if urinary retention/ cant swallow
27
Syphillis tx
Benzathene penicillin
No sex
...
28
Lichen schlerosus tx
1- genital skin care: gentle wash (dermovate(, avoid tight clothing, irritabts etc
- apply emollient
2- super potent topical steroid- 12 week regimen (30g tube) then on an as required basis
29
When would a cystectomy be carried out
If cyst is >5cm
(As there is risk of torsion)
30
PMS tx mild
regular frequent balanced meals rich in complex carbohydrates
31
pms moderate symptoms
COCP
32
severe PMS tx
SSRI- continuously or just during the luteal phase
33
mx of gestational diabetes: fasting glucose >5.6 & <7
1st: trial of diet and exercise,
2nd: if targets not met within 1-2 weeks + metformin
3rd: ADD (not switch) short acting insulin if targets not met after a further 1-2 weeks
34
what are the blood glucose targets for women with gestational diabetes
fasting:
35
gestational diabetes tx: >7mmol
1st; start insulin immediately
36
Atypical endometrial hyperplasia tx
hysterectomy - if post menopausal then bilateral salphingo-oopherectomy adivsed as well
37
simple endometrial hyperplasia- w/o atypia tx
high dose progestogens with repeat sampling in 3-4 months. The levonorgestrel intra-uterine system may be advised
38
neiserria gonorrhoeae 1: what agar, type of bacteria
requires chocolate agar to grow
gram negative diplococci
39
neisseria gonorrhoeae II antibiotic tx
Ceftriaxone
NOT ciprofloxacin unless sensitivity known
Azithromycin
40
chlamydia trachomatis II tx
doxcy or azithromycin
41
women with vulva-vaginal atrophy (from menopause) tx
vaginal oestrogen.
can be used in combination with HRT or be the alternative to HRT for women who it is contraindicated in
42
women with premature ovarian insufficiency tx (<40)
- give HRT till the average age of menopause (51)
- CHC (continuously) could be considered as alternative unless CI
- HRT does not add risks compared to women without POI
- continue with contraception
43
Women with early menopause (40- 44):
- consider strongly giving HRT till the average age of menopause (51)
44
when can contraception be stopped in women aged 40-49
-2 years after last "natural" menstrual period or
- 2 years after 2 results of FSH of ≥ 30 IU/l, taken at least 4-6 weeks apart
45
when can contraception be stopped in women >/=50
-1 year after last "natural" menstrual period or
-1 year after 1 result of FSH of ≥ 30 IU/l
46
when can contraception be stopped >/=55
Age ≥ 55: contraception can be stopped even if still having periods
47
when would you give transdermal HRT over oral HRT
increased VTE risk or BMI >30
48
management of menorrhagia secondary to fibroids
(1st, second and third line)
1: levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) (mirena coil)
- useful if the woman also requires contraception
- cannot be used if there is distortion of the uterine cavity
2nd: NSAIDs e.g. mefenamic acid
3rd: tranexamic acid
49
surgical management of ectopic pregnancy
salpingectomy
2nd: salpingotomy (rf for infertility eg contralateral tube damage)
50
hirsutism and acne in PCOS tx
1st: third generation COC / co-cyprindol
2nd: topical elfornithine
51
Pregnant women with epilepsy: principles of management
pregnant women should continue anti-epileptics
Folic acid, 5mg daily
avoid valproate,
if taking phenytoin + vit k
carbamezapine considered least teratogenic
52
Hypertension tx for pregnant women
(and what to avoid)
1st line: labetolol
2nd: methyldopa/nifedpine
Avoid ace/arb
Beta blockers MAY inhibit foetal growth
If >160/110bp then ADMIT and OBSERVE
(Bp falls during 2nd trimester)
53
Nausea and vomiting preganant women tx
(first line only)
Cyclizine first line
54
UTI pregnant women tx
1st line: nitrofurantoin
2nd: amox/ cefelaxin
55
1st line treatment for pain in pregnant women
paracetomol
56
What are the criteria that have to be met for prophylaxis for DVT in pregnancy
when is prophylaxis and what is the treatment
2 or more risk factors:
obesity, age >35yrs, smoking, para>3
prophylaxis tx: LMWH at delivery and up to 7 days post partum
57
Tx of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy
and what to avoid
therapeutic dose of low molecular weight heparin
avoid warfarin (teratogenic early, risk of haemorraghe late)
58
Who gets pre eclampsia prophylaxis and what is the treatement
75-100mg aspirin daily
Women with one high risk or 2 moderate risk factors (eg. Over 40)
59
active management of third stage of labour
prophylactic administration of syntometerine
1ml ampoule: 500micrograms ergometrine maleate & 5IU oxytocin
cord claming and cutting
controlled cord traction
bladder emptying
60
plan for delivery placenta praevia
C/section : If placenta covers os or <2cm from cervical os
Vaginal delivery if placenta>2cm from os and no malpresentation
61
antepartum haemorraghe tx
Kleihauer test (check if there has been blood transfusion)( only if rhesus negative), if test is += Anti-D & Steroids
give corticosteroids if risk of preterm birth and <34 weeks
rescus if necessary,
admit for obs etc
Antepartum haemorrhage= bleeding from the genital tract >24 weeks pregnancy, prior to delivery of the fetus
62
antibiotic management of suspected sepsis
and if penicillin allergic pregnant woman
IV co-amoxiclav within "golden hour" +/- gentamicin depending on severity and clindamycin if sore throat (GAS)
Clindamycin + gent if penicillin allergic
63
antibiotic management of septic shock in pregnant woman
Tazocin , clindamycin + gentamicin
64
GBS risk (previous baby infected with GBS)/detected in pregnancy management; management
antibiotic prophylaxis
1st: Benzylpenicillin
2: Clindamycin
65
post partum endometritis tx (not penillin allergic)
Treatment with co-amoxiclav +/- surgical evacuation of uterus if significant RPOC (retained products of pregnancy)
66
post partum endometritis tx if penicillin alergic
Co-trimoxazole +metronidazole
+/- surgical evacuation of uterus if sig.fig. RPOC
67
epidural abscess tx
Vancomycin, metronidazole and cefotaxime +/- surgical decompression (if no response or neurological concerns)
drain abscess
68
placental abruption tx
Fetus alive and < 36 weeks
fetal distress: immediate caesarean
no fetal distress: observe closely, steroids, no tocolysis, threshold to deliver depends on gestation
Fetus alive and > 36 weeks
fetal distress: immediate caesarean
no fetal distress: deliver vaginally
69
1st line tx for magnesium sulfate induced respiratory depression
calcium gluconate
70
varicella zoster virus management
oral aciclovir 7 days after exposure for 7 days
if <20 weeks aciclovir should be considered with caution
71
treatment for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the newborn
Ventilation, O2, nitric oxide, sedation inotropes
if above fails: ECLS machine (mechanical lung)
72
ectopic pregnancy:
criteria for expectant management
size <35mm
hcg <1000IUL
asymptomatic
73
ectopic pregnancy:
criteria for medical management
size<35mm
hcg <1500IUL
no significant pain
not suitable if there is another intrauterine pregnancy
74
ectopic pregnancy:
surgical management criteria
if its ruptured or
size >35mm/
pain/
foetal heartbeat/
hcg>5,000IUL
75
post partum haemorraghe tx (overview)
1st: ABCE and IV warmed crystalloid
2nd: (mechanical) rub uterine fundus and catheterise
3rd:medical uterotonics etc
4th line: intrauterine tamponade
76
post partum haemorrhage- medical management
IV oxytocin
ergomotine IV
carboprost IM
misoprotol subingual
77
fibrocystic change management
exclude malignancy
reassure
excise if necessary (unusual)
78
fibroadenoma mx
if greater than 3xm excise
79
radial scar tx
excise or vacuum biopsy
80
duct ectasia management
stop smoking
excise ducts- michrodochectomy if young or total duct excision if older
(Duct ectasia is a dilatation and shortening of the terminal breast ducts within 3cm of the nipple. It is common and the incidence increases with age. It typically presents with nipple retraction and occasionally creamy nipple discharge. )
81
1st line tx for uterine fibroids
<3cm- IUS for menorrhagia and gnRH analogues to reduce size
>3cm- surgical management eg myomectomy
82
thrush tx (and contraindication) (candidias)
(4)
1st line: oral fluconazole single dose
2nd: clotrimazole intravaginal single dose if oral contraindicated
if vulval symptoms too- topical imidazole + oral/intravaginal antifungal
if pregnant oral tx contraindicated
83
how long should magnesium sulfate be continued for seizure pregnancy
24 hours after delivery or last seizure- whichever is later
84
intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy management
ursodeoxycholic acid
INDUCTION OF LABOUR AT 37-38 WEEKS ( as inc risk of still birth)
vit k supplementation
85
Preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes
(preterm- before 37 weeks)
oral erythromycin should be given for 10 days
antenatal corticosteroids should be administered to reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome
delivery should be considered at 34 weeks of gestation - there is a trade-off between an increased risk of maternal chorioamnionitis with a decreased risk of respiratory distress syndrome as the pregnancy progresses
86
current breast cancer is a contrindication for which contraceptives
all hormonal contraceptives
87
rhesus negative woneb- when should she recieve anti D
at 28 weeks and 2nd dose at 34 weeks
88
Treatment to shrink/remove fibroids
medical- gnrh agonists
surgical- myomectomy, hysteroscopic endo ablation, hysterectomy
uterine atery embolisation
89
what advice should be given, regarding folate supplementation, to women hoping to concieve
Women should be encouraged to take folic acid 400mcg OD 3 months before conception up to 12 weeks gestation
90
stress incontinence tx (3 lines of management)
1st: pelvic floor muscle training
2nd: surg procedures
3rd: duloxetine
91
urge incontinence tx
include if frail/elderly
1. bladder retraining
antimuscarinics: oxybutnin
mirabegron- if frail/elderly
92
non HRT menapause vasomotor symptoms tx
SSRIs
fluoxetine/citalopram or venlafaxine (SNRI)
93
mode of delivery, labour in women with HIV
vaginal delivery is recommended if viral load is less than 50 copies/ml at 36 weeks, otherwise caesarian section is recommended
a zidovudine infusion should be started four hours before beginning the caesarean section
94
neonatal antiretroviral therapy
zidovudine orally to the neonate if maternal viral load is <50 copies/ml.
Otherwise triple ART for 4-6 weeks.
95
what are the haemoglobin cut offs for tx- non preg, early preg, late preg, after childbirth
115 for non-pregnant women, 110 in early pregnancy, 105 in later pregnancy, and 100 after childbirth
96
when can COC be given after labour
never before day 21 post partum due to risk of vte
if breast feeding: 6 weeks - 6 months postpartum
if inc risk of VTE then not in the first 6 weeks
97
what contraception can be given immedietely after labour
- progesterone only pill
- implant
- injection
- condoms
98
when can IUD/IUS be given post partum
within 48 hours after labour
or
4 weeks later
99
what type of drug is cabergoline
long acting dopamine agonist
100
ucfetal transverse lie management
<36 weeks- no management
>36 weeks- external cephalic version of foetus- offered in all cases of vag delivery
or
elective caesarean
cant do ECV if membranes have ruptured
101
when is induction of labour offered to women with intrahepatic cholestasis
37-38 weeks
102
when do postpartum women require contraceptives
not required before day 21 postpartym. earliest date of ovulation is day 28
103
when must levonogestrel be taken regarding emergency contraception
within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse
104
emergency contraception: ulipristal (progesterone receptor modulator)- when can it be taken
no later than 120 hours after intercourse (5 days)
*caution with those with severe asthma
105
if bishop score is 6 management
vaginal prostoglandins/ oral misprostol
balloon catheter if higher risk of hyperstimulation/previous caesarean
106
if bishop score is greater than 6 management
amniotomy and IV oxytocin infusion
107
>37 weeks women with pre-eclampsia + mild/moderate hypertension tx
delivery within 24-48 hours
consider magnesium sulphate if birth is planned within 24 hours or if there is a concern that the woman may develop eclampsia
108
primary dysmenorrhoea tx
(painful periods)
1st line: NSAIDs eg mefenamic acid/ibuprofen.
2nd line:COCP
109
Pregnant women uti tx
1st line: niturofurantoin
2nd- amox or cefalexin
7 day course!!! (3 in non pregnant)
110
perineal tears tx
1st degree- no repair required
2nd degree- suture on ward by midwife or clinician
3rd: repair in theatre by clinicial
4th: same^
111
what is the only fibroid treatment which maintains fertility
myomectomy
112
what ovarian cysts, found on imaging, require referral to gynaecology (5)
-irregular solid tumour
-ascites
-at least 4 papillary structures
- irregular multilocular sold tumour growth with largest diameter >/= 100mm
- very strong blood flow
113
which medication can be used to supress lacation
cabergoline- dopamine agonist
114
what is category 1 caesarean
caesarean for mother where there is an immediate threat to the life of the mother or baby
delvery wtihin 30 mins of making decision
115
what is category 2 caesarean
maternal or fetal compromise which is not immediately life-threatening
delivery of the baby should occur within 75 minutes of making the decision
116
prophylaxis for anti -D, who gets it and when
all women who are rhesus negative whether sensitised or not get anti- d prophylaxis at
-28 weeks
&
-34 weeks
117
endometriosis tx
first line: NSAIDs and/or paracetamol
second: COCP or POP
3rd: GnRH analogues
(^all symptomatic relief)
118
endometriosis: tx for women trying to concieve
laparoscopic excision or ablation of endometriosis plus adhesiolysis as this has been shown to improve the chances of conception. Ovarian cystectomy (for endometriomas) is also recommended
119
cord prolapse tx
- presenting part of fetus may be pushed back into uterus to avoid compression
- if cord is past level of intoitus- minimal handling, keep warm and moist- to prevent vasospasm
-get patient to go on all fours
-tocolytics (reduce contractinos)
-retrofill bladder
cesarean- unless cervix fully filated and head is low- instrumental delivery.
120
surgical abortion management
(under anaesthesia)
misoprostol/osmotic dilators given before
up to 13+6 weeks:
-Electric vacuum aspiration
-Manual vacuum aspiration
> 14wks
-Dilatation and evacuation
