Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

year 3 > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Tx for MND

A

No cure, tx symptoms

  • MND specialist nurses
  • tx comm. needs (speech therapy, voice banking)
  • nutritional tx (dietitian, gastrostomy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bulbar dysfunction MND tx

A

Comm aids (AAC)

Nutritional saliva

Gastrostomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Botulism tx

A
  • antitoxin but only useful if given early before toxin has attacked nerves
  • therefore mainly supportive: Ventilation (otherwise will die)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myasthenia gravis tx
(Not emergency)

A

1st line: pyridistigmine (long acting anticholinesterase inhibitor)

Long term: high dose prednisolone then Steroid sparing agents- aza/mycophenolate

thymectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drugs to avoid in mysathenia gravis

A

Gentamicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Guillian barre syndrome tx

A

1st line:Immunoglobulin infusion
2nd: plasma exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ms relapse tx
(mild, moderate and severe)

A

Mild: symptomatic tx

Moderate relapse: high dose oral steroids

Severe relapse: admit for IV steroids (short period)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ms spasticity tx
(first line and others)

A

baclofen and gabapentin first line
physio (important)

Botox for rare and severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ms sensory tx

(4)

A

Anti convulsant eg. Gabapentin

Anti depressant eg. Amitriptyline

Tens machine

Acupuncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Relapsing-Remitting ms tx

A

1st line: tecfidera (oral)/interferon (injectable)

last line: stem cell transplant

1st line- natalizumab on passmed- monocolonal antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute pharmacological tx for migraines

A

NSAIDS (asp. Naproxen. Ibuprofen) and oral triptan +/- anti-emetic
or
oral triptan + paracetomol +/- anti- emetic

Take as early as poss.
If gastroparesis consider anti-emetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is prophylaxis for migraines given.

A

If >3 attacks a month/very severe

Must trial each for min. 3 months

Consider non pharmacological eg. Acupuncture, relaxation excersizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prophylaxis for migraines

A

1st line:
- propanolol
Avoid in asthma, PVD, heart failure
or
topiramate (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) (Na+ channel blocker)
AVOID in women of childbearing age as it may be teratogenic/reduce effectiveness of hormonal contraceptive

2nd:- Amitriptyline (blocks serotonin re-uptake) (causes vasoconstriction)
Se. Dry mouth, postural hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if pharamocoligical prophylaxis migraine mx fails then consider…

A

10 weeks of acupunture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tension headache tx

A

Relaxation physio

Antidepressant- dothiepin/Amitriptyline
- 3 months Rx

  • reassure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cluster headache tx

A

High flow o2 for 20 mins

Sub cut sumatriptan 6mg injectable

Acute tx^^^^

long term: verapamil / Steroids- reduce course over 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cluster headache prophylaxis

A

Verapamil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hemicrania tx

A

Indomethacin (absolutely cured by this, if not then it is a diff diagnosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Idiopathic raised intracranial pressure tx

A

Weight loss

Acetozalmide

lumbar puncture used for short term management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia tx

A

1st line: Carbamazepine,
(other drugs: gabapentin, phenytoin, baclofen)

Surgical (rare): ablation compression , decomrpession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when to refer for tigeminal neuralgia

A

failure to respond to tx/ atypical features:
-sensory changes
- deafness/ear problems
-hx of skin/oral lesions
-pain only in opthalmic division or bilaterally
-fam hx ms
- <40 yrs old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Giant cell arteritis tx

A

High dose steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When is acute blood pressure mx indicated for stroke

A
  • Lowering bp (if >185/110) for safe thrombolysis
  • ICH (intracerebral haemorrhage) as to reduce haematoma expansion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mx of intarcerebral harmorraghe

A

Correct clotting- vit k antagnoist, doac patients consider reversal

Control bp- sbp goal: 130-139 in <1hr & sustain for 7 days

surgical decompression for the well but deteriorating patient

Unless
Gcs<5…
(150-229 tx in <6hrs of symptom onset to achieve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Primary generalised epilepsy (same tx as tonic/atonic) males females
males 1st line: sodium valproate Females: Lamotrigine
26
Focal onset epilepsy tx
1st line: Levetiracetm or Lamotrigine 2nd: carbamezapine (same for men and women)
27
Partial seizures tx (uni)
1st: carbamazepine and lamotrigine (Lam takes a while to work) Then can add on other drugs eg. Gabapentin
28
When to give epileptic drugs
Epilepsy Seizure with high risk of recurrence If they want it...
29
absence seizures tx
first: ethosuximide 2nd male: sodium valproate 2nd female: Lamotrigine or levetiracetm
30
LEMS (Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome) tx
3-4 diaminopyridine (increases ach, this helps as lems is due to voltage gated calicum channels not working properly= reduced ach= reduced muscle contractions)
31
Emergency tx for myasthenia gravis
plasmapharesis and IV immunoglobulins
32
mx of raised ICP
sedation: propofol, benzos, barbiturates maximise venous drainage; head of bed tilt (30 degrees), cervical collars et tube ties CO2 control- HYPERVENTILATION ( dec CO2= cerebral artery vasoconstriction) osmotic diuretics; mannitol, hypertonic saline CSF release If all the above fails then decompressive craniectomy
33
Myasthenia Gravis tx
first: pyridostigimine (long acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) 2nd: + prednisolone 3rd: aza etc 4th: thymectomy
34
chronic stroke managemen
HALTS -Hypertension: anti-hypertensive therapy started 2 weeks post stroke -Antiplatelets: 75mg clopidegrol once daily -Lipids-lowering: atorvastatin 20mg-80mg once nightly -Tobacco: stop Sugar- screen for diabetes
35
what type of stroke patients are offered cardioendarterectomy
patients with ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis greater than 50%
36
suspected TIA management and when/what kind of referral
aspirin immediately (unless contraindicated) and referred for a specialist within 24 hours unless tia attack was over a week ago in which case refer for within 7 days.
37
when is aspirin contraindicated as TIA management
if patient has a bleeding disorder patient is already taking low dose aspirin
38
following a first seizure when should anti-epileptic drug treatment be commenced
following first suspected seizure, must be refferred for specialist review. anti-epileptic drug tx should not be started before review unless; -seizure activity on eeg - presence of a neurological defect - presence of structural brain abnormality - pt, parent or carer considers risk of further seizure to be unacceptable
39
what epilepsy patients can be prescribed midazolam
pts. with previous episode of prolonged/sewuential generalised seizures (so they can use midazolam in event of status epilepticus)
40
viral encephalitis tx
IV aciclovir
41
essential tremor tx 1st line tx
propanolol 1st line
42
ischaemic stroke secondary prevention management
clopidogrel 1st line 2nd: aspirin + mr dipyridamole 3rd: dipyridamole
43
management after TIA diagnosed
1st line: clopidogrel -aspirin + dipyridamole should be given to patients who cannot tolerate clopidogrel - high intensity statin
44
brain abscess tx
craniotomy abscess cavity debrided IV 3rd-generation cephalosporin + metronidazole intracranial pressure management: e.g. dexamethasone
45
symptomatic and defintive tx for normal pressure hydrocephalus
symptomatic- lumbar puncture defintive: ventirculo-peritoneal shunt
46
intracranial venous thrombosis tx
acutely- low molecular weight heparin long term- warfarin
47
subdural haemorraghe tx
small and asymtomatic- conservative otherwise- surgery: - acute- decompressive craniectomy -chronic- burr holes to relieve pressure
48
neurpathic pain tx
first-line treatment*: amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin or pregabalin if the first-line drug treatment does not work try one of the other 3 drugs in contrast to standard analgesics, drugs for neuropathic pain are typically used as monotherapy, i.e. if not working then drugs should be switched, not added
49
juvenile myoclonic epilepsy tx
sodium valproate
50
bladder dysfunction Multiple Sclerosis management
ultrasound first to assess bladder emptying if significant residual volume → intermittent self-catheterisation if no significant residual volume → anticholinergics eg. oxybutnin
51
acute stroke management: who is offered thrombectomy anterior circulation
offer thrombectomy within <24 hours of symptom onset if confirmed occlusion of proximal anterior circulation (CTa/MRA) AND if potential to salvage brain tissue (ct showing limited infarct core volume) offer thrombectomy WITHIN 6 HOURS of symptom onset if confirmed occlusion of proximal anterior circulation on CTA/MRA for all scenarios do with thrombolysis if within 4./5hours symptom onset
52
posterior circulation and thromebctomy: who should get it?
acute ischaemic stroke <12 hours of onset. confirmed intracranial vertebral or basilar artery occlusion and their NIHSS score is 10 or more, combined with a favourable PC-ASPECTS score and Pons-Midbrain Index
53
acute stoke management: thrombolysis
it is administered within 4.5 hours of onset of stroke symptoms and haemorrhage has been definitively excluded (i.e. Imaging has been performed)
54
subarachnoid haemorrhage MEDICAL management
nimidopine to prevent vasospasm (vasospasm occurs in SAH patients and causes subsequent ischaemic damage)
55
surgical management of subarachnoid haemorrhage
coiling/stenting/ clipping - surgeon decides
56
1st line tx for spinal cord compression from malignancy
dexamethasone + PPI
57
how does metocolpramide work
dopamine antagonist- anti emetic
58
give examples of anti-emetics which are dopamine antagonists
metoclopramide, domideperone (does not cross brain barrier), prochlorperazine
59
initial empirical antbiotic tx for bacterial meningitis ages 3 months - 50 years
IV cefotaxime
60
initial empirical therapy for bacterial meningitis >50 yrs
IV cefotaxime + amoxicillin
61
initial empirical antbiotic tx for bacterial meningitits <3 months
IV cefotaxime + amoxicillin (or ampicillin)
62
meningococcal meninigits antibiotic tx
IV benzylpenicillin or cefotaxime (or ceftriaxone)
63
Pneumococcal meningitis abx tx
IV cefotaxime (or ceftriaxone)
64
Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae abx tx
IV cefotaxime (or ceftriaxone)
65
Meningitis caused by Listeria abx tx
IV amoxicillin (or ampicillin) + gentamicin
66
mangement of patients for bacterial meningits without indication for delayed lp
IV access → take bloods and blood cultures Lumbar puncture IV antibiotics- empirical until known cause. IV dexamethasone
67
immedieate management for GCS less than 8
intubate
68
wernickes encephalopathy tx
IV pabrinex (thiamine)
69
parkinsons: 1st line tx for improving daily activities
levodopa eg. co-careldopa
70
degenerative cervical myelopathy tx
decompressive surgery
71
Ms fatigue tx
Amantadine or modanifil
72
Ramsay hunt syndrome tx
Prednisolone + aciclovir
73
chronic primary pain tx
avoid all analgesia apart from anti-depressants.
74
peritumoural vasogenic oedema tx
glucocorticoids eg. dexamthasone this is given as the oedema can affect neuron transmission. glucorticoids reduce the oedema

year 3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions