Representation Flashcards
what theorists are relevant to use in representation?
Stuart Hall
Gauntlett
Van Zoonen, hooks, and Butler - gender
Gilroy - race and ethnicity
Reception Theory – Stuart Hall
the idea that communication is a process involving encoding by producers and decoding by audiences
Stuart Hall: dominant-hegemonic position?
the encoder’s intended meaning (the preferred reading) is fully understood and accepted
Stuart Hall: negotiated position?
the legitimacy of the encoder’s message is acknowledged in general terms, although the message is adapted or negotiated to better fit the decoder’s own individual experiences or context
Stuart Hall: oppositional position?
the encoder’s message is understood, but the decoder disagrees with it, reading it in a contrary or oppositional way.
Theories of identity - David Gauntlett
audiences are able to construct their own identities and even influence other people.
more flexibility in peoples ‘identity’ not constricted through traditional norms of gender. This has resulted in it being more acceptable to be ‘different’
We pick and mix our identities based on a wide range of identities that are presented to us by the media
Feminist theory - Liesbet van Zoonen
The idea that gender is constructed through discourse, and that its meaning varies according to cultural and historical context
The idea that in mainstream culture the visual and narrative codes that are used to construct the male body as spectacle differ from those used to objectify the female body.
Feminist theory - bell hooks
The idea that feminism is a struggle to end sexist/patriarchal oppression and the ideology of domination
The idea that feminism is a political commitment rather than a lifestyle choice
race, class, sex
Theories of gender performativity - Judith Butler
The idea that identity is performatively constructed by the very ‘expressions’ that are said to be its results (it is manufactured through a set of acts)
The idea that there is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender
If the print is about events or issues what would be the representations in the image be about?
Topic or ideology being represented (issue of racism, race based vilence), how a person or group is represented
mis-representation?
event, issue, social group or individual are being represented incorrectly in the media text (usually through stereotypes)
under-representation?
event, issue, social group or individual will be excluded from the representation completely.
stereotype
fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.
countertypes
countertype is a positive stereotype and emphasizes the positive features about a person
