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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively

A

cell modification

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2
Q

function of xylem

A

water pathway

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3
Q

function of phloem

A

nutrients pathway

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4
Q

thick walls and dead cells

A

xylem

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5
Q

made up of living cells that are arranged in columns

A

phloem

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6
Q

absorption of water and nutrients from the soil

A

root hair cells

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7
Q

most common plant cells

A

parenchyma

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8
Q

for metabolic functions, such as photosynthesis, and they help repair and heal wounds

A

parenchyma

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9
Q

elongated cells with unevenly thickened walls

A

collenchyma

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10
Q

provide structural support, mainly to the stem and leaves

A

collenchyma

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11
Q

where are collenchyma cells usually found?

A

below the epidermis

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12
Q

provides support to the plant, but many of them are dead at maturity

A

sclerenchyma

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13
Q

two types of sclerenchyma cells

A

fibers and sclereids

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14
Q

give pears their gritty texture

A

sclereids

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15
Q

three types of xylem cells

A

• xylem parenchyma
•t racheids
• vessel elements

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16
Q

with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified

A

tracheids

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17
Q

4 types of phloem cells

A

• sieve-tube cells
• companion cells
• phloem parenchyma
• phloem fibers

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18
Q

is one of the four and the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissues

A

connective tissues

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19
Q

also known as fat tissue or fatty tissue

A

adipose

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20
Q

fat cells

A

adipocytes

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21
Q

most abundant adipocytes in the human body; they are filled with a large, single lipid droplet

A

white adipocytes

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22
Q

contain multiple lipid droplets, and a high concentration of mitochondria

A

brown adipocytes

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23
Q

have the potential to generate heat under certain conditions, such as cold exposure and during stimulation of specific nervous adrenergic receptors.

A

beige adipocytes

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24
Q

this fat is found throughout the whole body, in the spaces between the skin and underlying muscles

A

subcutaneous fat

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25
Q

in what form does white adipocytes store excess energy

A

fatty molecules (triglycerides)

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26
Q

in what form does white adipocytes store excess energy

A

fatty molecules (triglycerides)

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27
Q

serves as an important mechanism to protect newborns against hypothermia

A

non-shivering thermogenesis

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28
Q

is characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate

A

cartilage

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29
Q

cartilage is characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in __________

A

chondroitin sulfate

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30
Q

cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate

A

chondrocytes

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31
Q

spaces within the tissue

A

lacunae

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32
Q

specialized cells in cartilage

A

chondroblasts

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33
Q

mature cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

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34
Q

immature cartilage cells

A

chondroblasts

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35
Q

abundant of all cartilage in the body. Its matrix appears transparent or glassy when viewed under a microscope

A

hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

Its function is to maintain the shape of the structure while allowing flexibility.

A

elastic cartilage

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37
Q

is found where strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure are required

A

fibrocartilage

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38
Q

how many percentage of blood cells are erythrocytes?

A

99%

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39
Q

help in the clotting process by gathering at a bleeding site and clumping together to form a plug that helps seal the blood vessel

A

platelets

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40
Q

red blood cells are also called

A

erythrocytes

41
Q

a protein that gives blood its red color and enables it to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all body tissues

A

hemoglobin

42
Q

liquid component of blood, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended

A

plasma

43
Q

dissolved salts

A

electrolytes

44
Q

destroy bacteria and others create antibodies against bacteria and viruses or fight malignant disease

A

white blood cells / leukocytes

45
Q

are the cells that make up muscle tissue

A

myocytes

46
Q

a tough connective tissue similar to cartilage

A

epimysium

47
Q

The epimysium surrounds bundles of nerve cells that run in long fibers, called ______

A

fascicles

48
Q

The outermost layer of tissue surrounding the entire muscle.

A

Epimysium

49
Q

The middle layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibers.

A

Perimysium

50
Q

The innermost layer surrounding individual muscle fibers.

A

Endopysium

51
Q

three main muscles types

A

cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle

52
Q

basic unit of communication in the nervous system

A

nerve cell / neuron

53
Q

parts of neuron

A

axon, dendrites, cell body/soma

54
Q

resemble a tree or branches of a tree, extending from the cell body of the nerve cell

A

dendrites

55
Q

receiving part of the neuron

A

dendrites

56
Q

enclosed by a membrane which protects it, but also allows it to interact with its immediate surroundings

A

soma

57
Q

produces the proteins that the other parts of the neuron, including the dendrites, axons, and synapses, need to function properly

A

soma

58
Q

a long thin fiber , tail-like structure

A

axon

59
Q

specialized junction in the axon

A

axon hillock

60
Q

transmits electrical signals to help with sensory perception and movement

A

axon

61
Q

Transmit electrical impulses and information from the CNS ( central nervous system) to muscles in the body

A

motor neurons

62
Q

neurons that allow us to feel sensation

A

sensory neurons

63
Q

nerve cells that connect between motor neurons and sensory neuron

A

interneurons

64
Q

These neurons relay signals from the skin and muscles to the spinal cord. They are the primary neurons responsible for coordinating movement of the arms and legs using input from the brain.

A

Pseudo-unipolar neurons

65
Q

These neurons have a single long axon that is responsible for sending electrical signals.

A

Unipolar Neurons

66
Q

These neurons are able to receive impulses from multiple neurons via dendrites.

A

Multipolar Neurons

67
Q

These neurons send signals and receive information from the world.

A

Bipolar Neurons

68
Q

organism’s reproductive cells

A

gametes / sex cells

69
Q

Female gametes

A

ova or egg cells

70
Q

male gametes

A

sperm cells

71
Q

how many chromosomes do sex cells have?

A

23

72
Q

what parts are in egg cells that aren’t in sperm cells?

A

cortical granules and zona pellucida

73
Q

diverse collection of organisms that do not fit into animal, plant, bacteria or fungi groups

A

protists

74
Q

Sexual Reproduction of Protists

A

Meiosis and Fertilization

75
Q

Asexual Reproduction of Protists

A

Binary Fission

76
Q

ingest, or engulf, bacteria and other small particles

A

ingestive protists

77
Q

protists that use light energy to make food

A

photosynthesis protists

78
Q

absorb food molecules across their cell membranes

A

absorptive protists

79
Q

process that absorptive protists use to absorb food

A

diffusion

80
Q

Animal-like protists

A

protozoa

81
Q

Plant-like protists

A

Algae

82
Q

single-celled algae

A

diatoms

83
Q

Fungus-like protists; absorptive feeders on decaying organic matter.

A

molds

84
Q

molds swarm, they fuse together to form a single cell with many nuclei.

A

acellular slime

85
Q

molds swarm, they remain as distinct cells.

A

cellular slime

86
Q

molds that are commonly found in moist soil and surface water

A

water molds

87
Q

eukaryotes with an enormous variety of body plans and, along with land plants and animals, are one of the major evolutionary lineages to occupy land

A

fungi

88
Q

microscopic cells or groups of cells that disperse from their parent fungus, usually through wind or water

A

spores

89
Q

A layer around the cell membrane of fungi cells made largely of chitin and other polysaccharides

A

cell wall

90
Q

thread-like strands which interconnect and bunch up into a mycelium; long thin strands that tangle together to
make up the mycelium

A

hyphae

91
Q

fruiting body, which is the part of the fungus that produces spores

A

mushroom

92
Q

The main structure of a fungus

A

mycelium

93
Q

In mycorrhizal fungi, the place where the hyphae attach to plant roots

A

mycorrhiza

94
Q

organisms found in Chytridiomycota; are usually aquatic and microscopic

A

chytrids

95
Q

mainly terrestrial and feed off of plant detritus or decaying animal material

A

zygomycota

96
Q

often pathogens of plants and animals, including humans, in which they are responsible for infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and ergotism, which causes vomiting, convulsions, hallucinations, and sometimes even death

A

ascomycota

97
Q

produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia

A

basidiomycota / basidiomycetes

98
Q

basidiomycetes are also called

A

club fungi

biology (9 decks)

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