reports Flashcards
a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively
cell modification
function of xylem
water pathway
function of phloem
nutrients pathway
thick walls and dead cells
xylem
made up of living cells that are arranged in columns
phloem
absorption of water and nutrients from the soil
root hair cells
most common plant cells
parenchyma
for metabolic functions, such as photosynthesis, and they help repair and heal wounds
parenchyma
elongated cells with unevenly thickened walls
collenchyma
provide structural support, mainly to the stem and leaves
collenchyma
where are collenchyma cells usually found?
below the epidermis
provides support to the plant, but many of them are dead at maturity
sclerenchyma
two types of sclerenchyma cells
fibers and sclereids
give pears their gritty texture
sclereids
three types of xylem cells
• xylem parenchyma
•t racheids
• vessel elements
with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified
tracheids
4 types of phloem cells
• sieve-tube cells
• companion cells
• phloem parenchyma
• phloem fibers
is one of the four and the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissues
connective tissues
also known as fat tissue or fatty tissue
adipose
fat cells
adipocytes
most abundant adipocytes in the human body; they are filled with a large, single lipid droplet
white adipocytes
contain multiple lipid droplets, and a high concentration of mitochondria
brown adipocytes
have the potential to generate heat under certain conditions, such as cold exposure and during stimulation of specific nervous adrenergic receptors.
beige adipocytes
this fat is found throughout the whole body, in the spaces between the skin and underlying muscles
subcutaneous fat
in what form does white adipocytes store excess energy
fatty molecules (triglycerides)
in what form does white adipocytes store excess energy
fatty molecules (triglycerides)
serves as an important mechanism to protect newborns against hypothermia
non-shivering thermogenesis
is characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
cartilage
cartilage is characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in __________
chondroitin sulfate
cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate
chondrocytes
spaces within the tissue
lacunae
specialized cells in cartilage
chondroblasts
mature cartilage cells
chondrocytes
immature cartilage cells
chondroblasts
abundant of all cartilage in the body. Its matrix appears transparent or glassy when viewed under a microscope
hyaline cartilage
Its function is to maintain the shape of the structure while allowing flexibility.
elastic cartilage
is found where strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure are required
fibrocartilage
how many percentage of blood cells are erythrocytes?
99%
help in the clotting process by gathering at a bleeding site and clumping together to form a plug that helps seal the blood vessel
platelets
red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
a protein that gives blood its red color and enables it to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all body tissues
hemoglobin
liquid component of blood, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended
plasma
dissolved salts
electrolytes
destroy bacteria and others create antibodies against bacteria and viruses or fight malignant disease
white blood cells / leukocytes
are the cells that make up muscle tissue
myocytes
a tough connective tissue similar to cartilage
epimysium
The epimysium surrounds bundles of nerve cells that run in long fibers, called ______
fascicles
The outermost layer of tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
Epimysium
The middle layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibers.
Perimysium
The innermost layer surrounding individual muscle fibers.
Endopysium
three main muscles types
cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
basic unit of communication in the nervous system
nerve cell / neuron
parts of neuron
axon, dendrites, cell body/soma
resemble a tree or branches of a tree, extending from the cell body of the nerve cell
dendrites
receiving part of the neuron
dendrites
enclosed by a membrane which protects it, but also allows it to interact with its immediate surroundings
soma
produces the proteins that the other parts of the neuron, including the dendrites, axons, and synapses, need to function properly
soma
a long thin fiber , tail-like structure
axon
specialized junction in the axon
axon hillock
transmits electrical signals to help with sensory perception and movement
axon
Transmit electrical impulses and information from the CNS ( central nervous system) to muscles in the body
motor neurons
neurons that allow us to feel sensation
sensory neurons
nerve cells that connect between motor neurons and sensory neuron
interneurons
These neurons relay signals from the skin and muscles to the spinal cord. They are the primary neurons responsible for coordinating movement of the arms and legs using input from the brain.
Pseudo-unipolar neurons
These neurons have a single long axon that is responsible for sending electrical signals.
Unipolar Neurons
These neurons are able to receive impulses from multiple neurons via dendrites.
Multipolar Neurons
These neurons send signals and receive information from the world.
Bipolar Neurons
organism’s reproductive cells
gametes / sex cells
Female gametes
ova or egg cells
male gametes
sperm cells
how many chromosomes do sex cells have?
23
what parts are in egg cells that aren’t in sperm cells?
cortical granules and zona pellucida
diverse collection of organisms that do not fit into animal, plant, bacteria or fungi groups
protists
Sexual Reproduction of Protists
Meiosis and Fertilization
Asexual Reproduction of Protists
Binary Fission
ingest, or engulf, bacteria and other small particles
ingestive protists
protists that use light energy to make food
photosynthesis protists
absorb food molecules across their cell membranes
absorptive protists
process that absorptive protists use to absorb food
diffusion
Animal-like protists
protozoa
Plant-like protists
Algae
single-celled algae
diatoms
Fungus-like protists; absorptive feeders on decaying organic matter.
molds
molds swarm, they fuse together to form a single cell with many nuclei.
acellular slime
molds swarm, they remain as distinct cells.
cellular slime
molds that are commonly found in moist soil and surface water
water molds
eukaryotes with an enormous variety of body plans and, along with land plants and animals, are one of the major evolutionary lineages to occupy land
fungi
microscopic cells or groups of cells that disperse from their parent fungus, usually through wind or water
spores
A layer around the cell membrane of fungi cells made largely of chitin and other polysaccharides
cell wall
thread-like strands which interconnect and bunch up into a mycelium; long thin strands that tangle together to
make up the mycelium
hyphae
fruiting body, which is the part of the fungus that produces spores
mushroom
The main structure of a fungus
mycelium
In mycorrhizal fungi, the place where the hyphae attach to plant roots
mycorrhiza
organisms found in Chytridiomycota; are usually aquatic and microscopic
chytrids
mainly terrestrial and feed off of plant detritus or decaying animal material
zygomycota
often pathogens of plants and animals, including humans, in which they are responsible for infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and ergotism, which causes vomiting, convulsions, hallucinations, and sometimes even death
ascomycota
produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia
basidiomycota / basidiomycetes
basidiomycetes are also called
club fungi
