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CNS - Lucocq > Repairing Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Repairing Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

2 Main Cell Types of Nervous Tissue

A 
Neurons
Support cells (Neuroglia)
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2
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Taking & Integrating info from int. & ext. milieu (environment)

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3
Q

Main function of PNS

A

Receiving info

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4
Q

Main function of CNS

A

Integrating, analysing & responding

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5
Q

What do the meninges protect?

A

Brain
Spinal Cord
Blood vessels of both

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6
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Structural & functional unit of nervous system

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7
Q

Draw a neuron

A

See diagrams

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron?

Draw them.

A

Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar

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9
Q

What is gray matter made of?

A

Cell bodies

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10
Q

What do axons of neurons make up?

A

White matter

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11
Q

Name for collection of cell bodies in PNS & CNS?

A 
PNS = Ganglia
CNS = Nuclei
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12
Q

Other name for Cell Body of neuron?

A

Perikaryon

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13
Q

Where do Action Potentials start in neurones?

A

Axon Hillock

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14
Q

What does Nissl substance stain?

Which parts of the neurones remain unstained?

A

Rough Endo Reticulum & Polyribosomes (used for protein synthesis)

Axons remain unstained (Perikaryon & Nucleolus stained)

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15
Q

What makes up Metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum & Pons

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16
Q

What is the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

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17
Q

How many layers of neocortex?

Name them.

A 
6
1 = Molecular
2 = Int Granular
3 = Int Pyramidal
4 = Ext Granular
5 = Ext Pyramidal
6 = Multiform
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18
Q

What are layers made of?

A

Neurons typical of that layer type

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19
Q

What’s found in layer 4?

A

Granule/Stellate neuron

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20
Q

Where are small & large pyramidal neurons found?

A 
Small = 3
Large = 5
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21
Q

How many layers in Cerebellar cortex? Name them.

A

3
1- Molecular
2- Purkinje
3- Granule

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22
Q

What cells are found in Molecular layer of Cerebellar Cortex?

A

Basket cells
Stellate cells
(Fibres of cells below -e.g Purkinje)

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23
Q

What is the role of Purkinje cells?

A

Receive aff. info from other parts of CNS

Assimilate info

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24
Q

What do Basket cells do?

A

Link Purkinje cell bodies

Allow lat. inhibition

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25
Q

What’s found in Granule Cell Layer?

A

Granule cells

Golgi cells

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26
Q

Most abundant neuron in brain?

A

Granule cells

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27
Q

Largest cell in cerebellum?

A

Purkinje

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28
Q

What type of neuron are Purkinje cells? Describe their appearance.

A

Multipolar
Large pear-shaped body
Extensive dendritic tree

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29
Q

Role of Neuroglia?

A

Metabolism & structural support of neurones

30
Q

CNS Neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendroglia
Microglia

31
Q

PNS Neuroglia?

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

32
Q

Different types of Astrocyte

A

Muller Glia (Retina)
Fibrous (White matter)
Protoplasmic (Gray)
Radial Glia (Specialised - developing CNS)

33
Q

What is Blood-Brain barrier made of?

A

Endothelial Cells
Tight Junctions
Astrocyte Foot Processes

34
Q

Where do Astrocyte foot processes attach?

A

Blood vessels & along surface of CNS (For forming BBB)

35
Q

What is role of BBB?

A

Prevent diffusion of solutes & fluid into brain & spinal cord (prevent infection etc)

36
Q

What can cross BBB?

A

O2
CO2
Lipid-soluble molecules (hormones)
<500Da MW molecules

37
Q

What type of cell are Ependymals?

A

Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelial

38
Q

Role of Ependymals?

A

Secrete & Reabsorb CSF

39
Q

What is CSF?

A

Clear, cell-free fluid made in Choroid Plexus

40
Q

Role of Microglia

A

CNS immune function
Like Macrophage
Phagocytose debris after injury

41
Q

How do Microglia respond to injury

A

‘Resident’
‘Activated’ with injury - migrate to site
Release cytokines (help or hinder recovery)

42
Q

Role of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelin sheath around CNS axons - One to many

43
Q

Diseases affecting Oligo’s?

A

MS

Leukodystrophies

44
Q

Role of Schwann’s?

A

PNS myelination
One to one
Organising connecive tissue sheaths around peripheral nerves in development & regen

45
Q

Composition of Myelin?

A

80% lipid

46
Q

Role of myelin?

A

Insulation

Provide fast conduction velocity for AP’s (Saltatory Conduction)

47
Q

Which Ganglia can envelope non-myelinated axons?

A

Schwann cells - can envelope 1 or more

CNS unmyelinated not ass. with glia

48
Q

How is unmyelinated AP conduction compared to myelinated?

A

Continuous conduction due to passive current flow

49
Q

Example of unmyelinated axons?

A

C fibres - detect itch, temp & pain

50
Q

How are Dorsal Root Ganglia covered?

A

Individual ganglia covered by flattened satellite cells

Dorsal Root Ganglia (+ cranial nerves) covered by connective tissue capsules continuous with dorsal root epi- & perineurium

51
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

Collections of nerve cells outside the CNS

52
Q

Describe structure of peripheral nerves

A

Nerve fibres surrounded by Endoneurium make a fascicle
(Each fibre may be myelinated)
Fascicle surrounded by perineurium
Bundle of fascicles covered by epineurium

53
Q

What cell bodies are in lateral horn?

A

Visceral Motor neurons

54
Q

Where are Somatic motor neuron cell bodies?

A

Ventral horn

55
Q

What’s found in Dorsal horn?

A

Interneurons

56
Q

What’s in the white matter of spinal cord?

A

Asc. & Desc. tracts

57
Q

Where are the Motor tracts?

A

Ventral columns

58
Q

Where are sensory tracts?

A

Dorsal columns

59
Q

What type of tracts are in lateral columns?

A

Mixed sensory & motor

60
Q

Describe Motor Neuron Cell Bodies

A 
Multipolar neurons
Large
Dorsal Horn
Many Nissl bodies
Pale-staining nuclei
Prominent nucleolus
61
Q

What nerves can & can’t be repared?

A

Peripheral nerves can

CNS axons can’t

62
Q

What’s the name given to the regeneration process of the PNS & CNS?

A

Wallerian Degeneration

63
Q

What’s involved in Wallerian Degeneration?

A

Removal of debris

Foundations laid down for regen/regrowth

64
Q

Why doesn’t Wallerian work in CNS?

A

Not efficient

Different cells, neurons & environment to PNS

65
Q

Explain Wallerian in PNS

A
  1. Injury - Distal Axon & myelin damaged
  2. Schwann cells activate - proliferate & travel to injury site. Plus macrophages start phagocytosing debris
  3. Schwann cells express growth factors & create Bands of Bungner - nerve fibres grow through these
  4. Nerve fibres reconnect to end organs & Schwann cells re-myleinate
66
Q

Explain Wallerian in CNS

A
  1. Damage to distal axon & myelin - Astrocytes & Microglia activate. Microglia start phagocytosing. Inflammation.
  2. Debris not cleared properly. Glial scar formed by astrocytes.
  3. Regen fails as growth of axons impaired by glial scars & leftover myelin debris
67
Q

Why do Glial scars form?

A

‘Reactive’ Astrocytes
Hypertrophic
Inhibitory molecules increase - Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPG)
Normal molecules increase - GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)
Axons can’t grow through wall of Scar & Debris

68
Q

How can you tell repair has failed in CNS?

A

Axons grow but turn away from lesion

May show reactive ‘end bulbs’ (black splodges) - accumulation of organelles in end bulb

69
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes contribute in CNS repair?

A

Myelin debris

Failure

70
Q

Why don’t PNS glia help out?

A

Clear boundary/wall between the 2 systems - shown by staining at Dorsal Root Entry Zone
(‘Glial Limiting Membrane’)

CNS - Lucocq (6 decks)

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