Renal/urology Flashcards

1
Q

name the three zones of prostate

A

peripheral zone
central zone
transitional zone

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2
Q

enlargement of which zone causes benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy
what will some of the symptoms be

A

the transitional zone

- as the urethra goes through it will disturb the the passage, causing LUTS

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3
Q

enlargement of which zone cause prostate zone

A

peripheral zone - where 75% of cancers occur

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4
Q

what is prostate cancer

A

adenocarcinoma (cancer of the gland)
85% of cases are multifocal (focuses in more than one area) - therefore may need 9-12 biopsies
spreads through capsule

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5
Q

how do you diagnose prostate cancer

A

tissue - biopsy
serum - PSA and PSMA
Urine - PCA3 (proteins that are found due to disruption)

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6
Q

why may PSA be unreliable to base diagnosis on

A

70% of patients with PSA do not have cancer, as it can also be a sign of UTI, prostatitis, binding prostate enlargement
Cancer patients may also have a normal PSA levels

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7
Q

what are the main mechanisms for diagnosing Prostate cancer

A
LUTS
PSA
TRUSS
Prostate biopsy
Gleason grading
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