Renal/urology Flashcards
name the three zones of prostate
peripheral zone
central zone
transitional zone
enlargement of which zone causes benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy
what will some of the symptoms be
the transitional zone
- as the urethra goes through it will disturb the the passage, causing LUTS
enlargement of which zone cause prostate zone
peripheral zone - where 75% of cancers occur
what is prostate cancer
adenocarcinoma (cancer of the gland)
85% of cases are multifocal (focuses in more than one area) - therefore may need 9-12 biopsies
spreads through capsule
how do you diagnose prostate cancer
tissue - biopsy
serum - PSA and PSMA
Urine - PCA3 (proteins that are found due to disruption)
why may PSA be unreliable to base diagnosis on
70% of patients with PSA do not have cancer, as it can also be a sign of UTI, prostatitis, binding prostate enlargement
Cancer patients may also have a normal PSA levels
what are the main mechanisms for diagnosing Prostate cancer
LUTS PSA TRUSS Prostate biopsy Gleason grading