Renal + Urology

Question 1

Score used to grade prostate cancer ?

Answer 1

Gleason score

Question 2

Catheter balloon pops + painful, terminal haematuria

Answer 2

Bladder calculi

Question 3

Acute bacterial prostatitis management ?

Answer 3

Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD

(excellent penetrance to prostate tissue)

Question 4

How does long-term catheter insertion increase risk of squamous cell bladder cancer ?

Answer 4

Insertion -> trauma/infection -> inflammation

-> metaplasia of urothelial cells in the bladder

(you don’t normally have squamous cells in bladder epithelium)

Question 5

UTI in a woman who is >36 weeks pregnant - which antibiotics?

Answer 5

Cefalexin

Avoid nitrofurantoin after 36 weeks due to risk of neonatal haemolysis

Question 6

When not to use nitrofurantoin in pregnancy?

Answer 6

After 36 weeks

due to risk of neonatal haemolysis

Question 7

Transitional cell carcinoma features

Answer 7

Pee Sac:

Painless haematuria
Smoking
Aromatic amines (found in dye)
Cyclophosphamide

Question 8

Clot retention following bladder surgery (frank haematuria + difficulty passing urine) - management ?

Answer 8

Cystoscopy and evacuation of blood clots

Question 9

Difference between bladder SCC and TCC ?

Answer 9

Squamous = things that me make me squeamish (schistosomiasis infection, long-term catheterisation)

Transitional = tobacco

Question 10

Indications for urgent dialysis:

Answer 10

AEIOU

acidosis
electrolyte imbalances
ingestion (overdose)
overload (fluid overload)
uraemias (can cause seizures)

Question 11

Young adult with haematuria, shortness of breath, and rapid deterioration of kidney function

Answer 11

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Question 12

Diarrhoea vs vomiting acid base values

Answer 12

Diarrhoea = normal anion gap acidosis
(loss of bicarbonate)

Vomiting = alkalosis
(loss of hydrochloric acid)

Question 13

Bowel prep for colonoscopy = ?

Answer 13

No eat for 24 hours
Laxatives day before

Question 14

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus medication

Answer 14

Polyuria, polydipsia and a high-normal sodium

Question 15

Acute management of renal colic

Answer 15

IM diclofenac

Question 16

Severe hyperkalaemia (K > 6.5mmol/L or with ECG changes) management ?

Answer 16

• IV calcium gluconate
• insulin/dextrose infusion

Question 17

eGFR indicates suspected CKD - next step in investigations ?

Answer 17

Early morning urine sample for albumin:creatinine ratio

Question 18

Swollen, painful testis that is drawn up into the groin following a minor trauma

Answer 18

Testicular torsion

Question 19

What UTI antibiotic to never co-prescribe with methotrexate?

Answer 19

Trimethoprim

Question 20

Urinary retention can cause which major complication? What test to run?

Answer 20

AKI

• measure serum creatinine