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Med Surg > Renal/Urinary System > Flashcards

Renal/Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important labs associated with urinary and renal function? (5)

A
  1. Blood Urea Nitrogen
  2. Creatinine
  3. Blood Osmolality
  4. Specific Gravity
  5. Urine Osmolality
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2
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (2)

A
  • Measures the amount of waste product
  • Measures dehydration
  • 10-20mg/dL
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3
Q

Creatinine (2)

A
  • End product of protein and muscle metabolism
  • Measures renal function
  • 0.6-1.2 mg/dL (males)
  • 0.5-1.1 mg/dL (females)
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4
Q

Blood Osmolality (2)

A
  • measurement of particle in the blood

- indicates hydration status

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5
Q

WBC over what indicates a bladder infection and/or UTI?

A

over 100,000

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6
Q

What is the BUN to serum creatinine ratio?

A

6:25

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7
Q

Specific Gravity (3)

A
  • shows how well the kidneys concentrate urine
  • increased specific gravity, increases concentration of urine=dehydration
  • decreased specific gravity, decreases concentration of urine= fluid overload
  • 1.010-1.025
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8
Q

Urinalysis

A

-used for drug testing and detecting ketones and infection

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9
Q

When is the best time to take a urine sample?

A

In the morning

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10
Q

Creatinine Clearance

A

-best indication of overall kidney function (24 hour collection of urine, then a blood test after the urine collection is complete)

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11
Q

Urine Osmolality

A
  • collection of the particles in the urine

* 200-800

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12
Q

What is the normal urine output for a healthy adult?

A

1-2 liters

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13
Q

What position must the patient be in when performing a KUB and what is the test looking for?

A
  • Patient must be supine

- Looking for kidney stones

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14
Q

Cytoscopic Examination (2)

A
  • direct visualization: stones, abnormalities, and blockages

- Dr’s can use this method to remove kidney stone

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15
Q

What nursing interventions should be done prior to a patient getting a kidney biopsy? (4)

A
  1. Informed consent
  2. Vital signs
  3. CBC
  4. Coagulation studies
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16
Q

What nursing intervention should be done after a patient getting a kidney biopsy? (4)

A
  1. IV site
  2. Vitals: BP, HR, respirations
  3. Incision site: signs of infection & bruising
  4. Urine output
    * *drastic increase in pain can alert to bleeding
17
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A
  • involuntary loss of urine

- pressure in the urethra is greater than the pressure in the bladder

18
Q

What are the 4 types of incontinence?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Urge
  3. Functional
  4. Total
19
Q

Stress Incontinence

A

-occurs with laughing or coughing

20
Q

Urge Incontinence

A

-waiting until the last minute to void (common in children)

21
Q

Functional Incontinence (2)

A
  • everything physical works as normal

- cognitive issue

22
Q

Total Incontinence

A

-nothing is working like it is supposed to

23
Q

What are risk factors for incontinence? (5)

A
  1. Multiple pregnancies
  2. Renal disease
  3. Cognitive (Parkinson’s)
  4. Spinal cord injurt
  5. Diuretics
24
Q

What are nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with urinary incontinence?

A
  1. Have pt void q2h
  2. Remove barriers
  3. Pelvic floor exercises (kegel’s)
  4. Avoid use of indwelling catheters
25
Q

Urinary Retention

A

-inability of the bladder to empt completely

26
Q

What are causes of urinary retention? (5)

A
  • BPH
  • opiods (suppress the CNS- relaxes the GI tract)
  • neurological
  • MS
  • spinal cord injury
27
Q

Urolithiasis

A

-kidney stones in the urinary tract

28
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

-kidney stones in the kidneys

29
Q

What sex are kidney stones more common in?

A

Males

30
Q

What are symptoms of a kidney stone?

A
  • N&V
  • radiating pain
  • painful urination
  • increased HR
31
Q

What are nursing interventions for treatment of kidney stones? (4)

A
  • pain management (Toradol in combo w/ morphine or dilaudid)
  • obstruction: fluids (0.9% NS), increase fluid intake to 3-4L/day
  • prevent infection
  • monitor and strain urine
32
Q

Lithotripsy (4)

A
  • shock wave that breaks the stone into small fragments
  • pt is under conscious sedation
  • continuous monitoring by electrocardiography
  • topical anesthetic is applied to skin site of stone
33
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

-bacterial infection in the kidney and renal pelvis (upper urinary tract)

34
Q

What are risk factors of pyelonephritis? (5)

A
  • women over 65
  • spinal cord injury
  • pregnancy
  • chronic illness
  • incomplete bladder emptying
35
Q

What are the lab and diagnostic procedures with pyelonephritis? (4)

A
  • urinalysis
  • WBC count (w/ differential)
  • KUB xray
  • IV pyelogram (dye is inserted to visualize/identify abnormalities/blockages)
36
Q

What are nursing interventions necessary for patient with pyelonephritis?

A
  • monitor: nutritional status, I/O’s, F/E balance, pain and vitals
  • fluid intake
  • medications for pain
  • caloric intake needs to be increased
37
Q

What are surgical intervention for pyelonephritis?

A
  • pyelolithotomy (stone in the kidney is removed)
  • nephrectomy (kidney removed)
  • ureteroplasty (revising ureters)

Med Surg (5 decks)

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