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Med Surg > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Normal white blood cell count

A

5,000-10,000mm3

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2
Q

Leukopenia

  • definition
  • causes
A
  • Definition: WBC count less than 4,300mm3

- Causes: chemotherapy, compromised immune system, some viral infections

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3
Q

Leukocytosis

  • definition
  • causes
A
  • Definition: WBC count great than 10,000mm3

- Causes: idicates an inflammatory response too a pathogen or disease

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

develops as a result of prior exposure too an antigen through immunizations, or by contacting a disease, both of which generate a protective immune response

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5
Q

Active acquired immuntiy

  • definition
  • time frame of immunity
A
  • Definition:immunologic defenses developed by the person’s own body
  • Time: many years or even a lifetime
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6
Q

Passive acquired immunity

A

temporary immunity that has developed through previous diseases or immunizations (example is breastfeeding)

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7
Q

Normal CD4 T lymphocyte count

A

500-1500 cells/mm3

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8
Q

During primary HIV infection, 40-90% of patients will experience acute retro-viral symptoms.
-symptoms

A
  • Fever
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Pharyngitis
  • Flu-like symptoms for a few days
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9
Q

Chronic asymptomatic infection

-CD4 count

A

more than 500 CD4 T lymphocytes

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10
Q

HIV symptomatic

-CD4 count

A

200-499 CD4 T lymphocytes

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11
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A
  • Thrush
  • Cervical dyplasia (in women)
  • Shingles
  • Peripheral neuropathy
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12
Q

AIDS

-CD4 count

A

fewer than 200 CD4 T lymphocytes

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13
Q

Normal adult dose of epinephrine (allergic reactions)

A

IM 0.3cc

-wears off in 20-30 minutes

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14
Q

Intracellular fluid contains what?

A

Potassium

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15
Q

Extra cellular fluid is made up of what 2 components?

A
  • interstitial fluid (fluid that surrounds the cell)

- blood vessels

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16
Q

Osmosis

  • definition
  • goal
A
  • water moves through a semipermeable membrane

- balance the fluid

17
Q

Diffusion

-definition

A

-transport of most electrolyses and particles through cell membranes

18
Q

Glucose cannot enter most cell membranes without the help of __________.

A

Insulin

19
Q

Minimum amount of urine need to excrete toxic waste products.

A

400 to 600 mL

20
Q

Normal adult output

A

1-2 liters

21
Q

Hypovalemia

-definition

A

-low blood pressure and dehydration; fluid intake is less than what is needed to meet the body’s fluid needs, resulting in a fluid volume deficit

22
Q

Major electrolyte imbalance with dehydration (2)

A
  • Sodium goes up
  • Potassium goes down
  • *if patient is in renal failure may seem Potassium go up some
23
Q

Hypovolemia (dehydration/ low blood volume)

  • cardiac changes (4)
  • respiratory changes (1)
  • skin changes (3)
  • neuro changes (4)
  • renal changes (3)
  • lab assessment (4)
A

Cardiac Changes: decreased BP, orthostatic HTN, increased HR (in response to to BP and ortho HTN)
*flat neck veins

Respiratory
: shallow, rapid respirations

Skin Changes: dry mucous membrane, sunken eyeballs, cool & clammy skin due to vasoconstriction

Neuro Changes: confusion, lethargy, seizures, decrease level of consciousness

Renal Changes: decreased output, very concentrated urine, crystals

Lab Assessment: increased BUN, hemoglobin and hematocrit; elevated or decreased electrolytes

**patient should stay away from caffeine, will aggravate the GI system

24
Q

Hypervalemia (excess of fluid)

  • reasons (3)
  • cardiac changes (5)
  • respiratory changes (3)
  • skin changes (2)
  • neuro changes (3)
  • renal changes (2)
  • lab assessments (4)
A

Reasons: heart failure, renal failure, water intoxication

Cardiac Changes: S3 sound, bounding pulse, fast cap. refill, increase BP
*distended neck veins

Respiratory Changes: crackles (indication of pulmonary edema), dyspnea, labored breathing

Skin Changes: edema, moist mucous membranes

Neuro Changes: headaches, cerebral edema=seizures, decrease consciousness

Renal Changes: increase output, increase weight

Lab Assessment: decrease BUN, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and sodium

Nursing Assessment: edema, ascultating lungs (monitoring fluid in lungs), I/O, semi-fowlers position to maximize breathing

25
Q

Hyponatremia

  • causes (4)
  • cardiac changes (2)
  • skin changes (2)
  • neuro changes (5)
  • renal changes (1)
  • nurse implications (2)
A

<135 mEq/L
Causes: increase fluid, diuretics, burns, profuse sweating

Cardiac Changes: decrease BP, decrease HR (depending on the cause)

Skin Changes: edema, moist and/or dry mucous membranes (dependent on cause)

Neuro Changes: decrease DTR, lethargy, cramps, confused, seizures

Renal Changes: increase urinary output

Nursing Implications: sodium supplements (deli meat, canned foods, fried foods), fluid restrictions (800mL/24hrs)

26
Q

Sodium

  • primary issues
  • vital for what functions
A

135-145mEq/L
Primary issue: neurological

Vital for: skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac contraction, nerve impulse transmission

27
Q

Hypernatremia

  • causes (1)
  • cardiac changes (2)
  • skin changes (2)
  • neuro changes (3)
  • renal changes (1)
  • nurse implications (4)
A

Cause: dehydration

Cardiac changes: increase HR, decrease contractility

Skin Changes: dry mucous membrane, rough/dry tongue

Neuro Changes: twitching, seizures, coma

Renal Changes: decreased urinary output

Nursing Implications: low sodium, increase water, seizure precautions, fall precautions

28
Q

Potassium

  • primary issues
  • vital for what functions
  • regulator of potassium(organ)
A

3.5-5mEq/L

Primary issue: cardiac

Vital for: depolarization and generation of action potentials, regulates protein synthesis and glucose use and storage

Regulator: kidneys

29
Q

Hypokalemia

  • causes (3)
  • respiratory changes (3)
  • neuro changes (4)
  • cardiac changes (4)
  • intestinal changes (3)
  • implications (5)
A

> 3.4mEq/L
Causes: diuretics, GI losses, dietary intake

Respiratory Changes: weak, shallow respirations, dyspnea

Neuro Issues: weakness, leg cramping, increased anxiety, lethargy

Cardiac Changes: EKG changes: ST segment depression and U wave (very abnormal), weak/thready pulse, decrease BP, orthostatic HTN

Intestinal Changes: decrease peristalsis, constipation, nausea

Implications: monitor O2 stats,open airway, fall precautions, heart monitor, increase potassium in diets (bananas, OJ, citrus fruits

NEVER IVP POTASSIUM

30
Q

Hyperkalemia

  • causes (3)
  • cardiac changes (5)
  • neuro changes (2)
  • intestinal (2)
  • drug therapy (4)
A

> 5.0 mEq/L
Causes: salt substitutes, renal failure, burns

Cardiac Changes: decrease BP, irregular HR, decrease HR, QRS widened, peaked T wave

Neuro Changes: cramps, paralysis

Intestinal Changes: increase bowel sounds, diarrhea

Drug therapy: Kayexalate, insulin, cardiac monitoring, health teachings

Med Surg (5 decks)

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