Renal & Urinary Disorders Flashcards
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a determination of how well the ______ are working
Kidneys
What’s the name of a LOWER UTI?
Cystitis; more common
What’s the name of UPPER UTI? Originates from what?
Pyelonephritis; ascending infection
Pyelonephritis is an infection of the _______ of the kidney
Parenchyma
AKA kidney stones
Renal calculi
What are the 4 types of kidney stones?
Calcium, Struvites (Mag), Uric acid, Cystine
This type of kidney stone makes up 75%
calcium (oxalate & phosphate)
This type of kidney stone happen more often in females bc urethra is shorter
Struvites
This type of kidney stone is genetic
Cystine
Which type of UTI (upper or lower) can occur via the bloodstream?
Upper; pyelonephritis
This accounts for most cases of end-stage renal disease
Glomerulonephritis
What is the most common origin cause of glomerulonephritis?
Immune
What are 3 additional causes of glomerulonephritis?
Diabetes, hypertension, drugs/chemicals
What are the 3 types of acute kidney injury (AKI?)
Prerenal, Intrarenal, Postrenal
Prerenal AKI is an issue with _____ of kidneys. What’s an example?
Perfusion; cardiac issues or hypovolemia
Intrarenal AKI is anything that damages the _______. What’s an example?
Nephrons; rhabdomyolysis
Postrenal AKI is an issue of ______. What’s an example?
Blockage; prostate issues/urethral obstruction
Chronic kidney disease is a loss of ______. They must now filter MORE!
Nephrons
What are 8 common problems associated with chronic kidney disease?
Alterations in fluid & electrolyte balance Azotemia Uremia Bone loss Anemia from hemolysis Angina and other ischemia Sexual impotence Dry skin, terry nails
Azotemia is increased _____
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Uremia is when ______ ______ products collect in blood
Nitrogenous waste products
What is normal urine pH?
5.6.5 (4.5-8)
Presence of _____ signifies UTI
WBCs
THIS is normal to find in urine, whereas THESE is not
Epithelial cells; RBCs & proteins
Casts originate from the _____ ______
Renal tubules
Nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome are clinical manifestations of ________
Glomerulonephritis
Nephritic syndrome is a process that ______ glomerular ____ ______
Occludes glomerular capillary lumen (damages capillary wall)
______ may result from nephritic syndrome; walls are LEAKY
Hematuria
Nephritic syndrome results in _____ GFR, edema, HTN, proteinuria
Decreased
Nephritic syndrome is associated with what disease?
Lupus
Nephrotic syndrome results in MASSIVE _________ and significant protein ____
Proteinuria, protein loss
This syndrome = leaky; hematuria
Nephritic syndrome
This syndrome = massive protein loss
Nephrotic syndrome
In bladder cancer, pt will have increase in these 4 things
Frequency, urgency, hematuria, dysuria
What’s directly associated with bladder cancer?
SMOKING!
What is the most common sign of bladder cancer?
Hematuria
Kidneys regulate blood pH by either _______ HCO3, or secreting _____
Reabsorbing HCO3, secreting H+
If BUN levels are high, it means kidneys are not removing _____ properly
Urea
What affects BUN and creatinine levels?
Dehydration
