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Physiology > Renal: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion > Flashcards

Renal: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent cation in the body?

A

Sodium (Na+)

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2
Q

What is the most prevalent anion in the body?

A

Chloride (Cl-)

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3
Q

Creates concentration gradient as moves through medulla and has some reabsorption

A

Loop of Henle

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4
Q

Use a membrane protein to facilitate diffusion of ion from high to low concentration

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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5
Q

Active Transporter

A

Primary Active Transport

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6
Q

Rely on Na+ gradient by Na+ ATPase active transporter

A

Secondary Active Transport

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7
Q

What’s the majority of ions in Extracellular Fluid?

A

Sodium

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8
Q

What’s the majority of ions in Intracellular Fluid?

A

Potassium

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9
Q

True/False: Sodium always moves UP its concentration gradient

A

False. DOWN

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10
Q

What transporter is on the Apical membrane?

A

Na+ - Glucose via Secondary Active Transport by Symport. Glucose moves UP its concentration gradient.

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11
Q

What transporters are on the Basolateral membrane?

A

Na+ - Potassium. Secondary Active Transport by Antiport ; GLUT-2. Sodium and Glucose goes into the blood. Potassium pumped back into blood and tubular lumen

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12
Q

Under normal conditions, Glucose is HIGHLY reabsorbed and freely filtered. What happens with Glucose in Diabetics?

A

High Blood Glucose level. Glucose is in the urine. Glucose is filtered but not reabsorbed, thus it is excreted.

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13
Q

Transporters’ Maximum (Tmax) differs between Nephrons. Which have higher and lower Tmax?

A

Longer Prox. Tubule - More Transporters, Higher Tmax

Shorter Prox Tubule - less Transporters, Lower Tmax

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14
Q

Tmax value

A

320 mg/min

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15
Q

What happens if Glucose levels are “below, at, and above” Tmax?

A

Below Tmax: No Glucose in urine
At Tmax: No Glucose in urine
Above Tmax: Glucose in urine

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16
Q

What helps with reabsorption in the Proximal and Distal Tubule?

A

Microvilli to increase surface area for reabsorption

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Organic Substances (about 100% are all reabsorbed in Proximal Tubule)?

A 
Freely filtered
Reabsorbed similar way to Na+/Glucose
Have Secondary Active Transport
Use Transporters..exhibit Tmax
Has Specificity (D vs. L Glucose
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18
Q 
Glucose
Amino acids
Acetate
Krebs cycle intermediates
Water-soluble vitamins
Lactate
Acetoacetate
Small ions
A

Organic Substances

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19
Q 
active
Tmax
above what is normally filtered
specificity
inhibitable by drugs and disease
NOT outside the proximal tubule
A

Transporters

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20
Q

GFR X Px

A

Filtered Load (FL)

Ex: 180 L/day X 140 mEq/L=25,200 mEq

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21
Q

True/False: Sodium is reabsorbed in all parts of the Renal Nephron/Tubule

A

True

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22
Q

Chloride is an example of Para-cellular Pathway because?

A

Chloride (neg. charge) is pulled across tight junctions because of Na+ and other organic solutes’ movement/reabsorption
No transporter
Not reabsorbed across membrane

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23
Q

While sodium is reabsorbed along Apical membrane what follows it for re-absorption too?

A

Water. Every time sodium and organic ions are reabsorbed, water follows

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24
Q

Descending limb of Loop of Henle is permeable and impermeable to what?

A

permeable to water
impermeable to solutes

Concentration

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25
Ascending limb of Loop of Henle is permeable and impermeable to what?
permeable to solutes impermeable to water Dilution
26
What are the cell types in the Distal Tubule?
``` Principal Cells - in latter DT (Aldosterone-mediated) Intercalated Cells (alpha and beta) - in medullary collecting duct ```
27
Aldosterone (steroid) causes:
Increase Na+/K+ ATPases on Basolateral membrane Open Na+ channels on Apical membrane Open K+ channels on Apical membranr
28
Mechanisms at the Early part of Distal Tubule
Block Na+/Cl- transporter. Cause No re-absorption of water and sodium...increase urine
29
Mechanisms at the late part of Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
Block Na+ channels on Apical membrane Block Aldosterone function Cause no re-absorption of water and sodium...increase urine
30
Osmolarity
Concentration of Solutes
31
Potassium (consumed from diet) is stored where?
Stored inside cells
32
What is the net affect of Normal-High K diet on Distal Tubule and Cortical Collecting Duct?
Secretion
33
What is the net affect of Low K diet on Distal Tubule and Cortical Collecting Duct?
Re-absorption
34
Potassium, cation, is reabsorbed by "Bulk Flow" although a lot is not reabsorbed, it is not reabsorbed across membrane, but is not electrical charge dependent. What pathway and ion is similar?
Para-cellular Pathway | Similar to being pulled like Chloride but isn't electrical charge dependent
35
Majority of Potassium is excreted where?
Urine
36
Least Potassium is excreted where?
Feces
37
Control of Potassium has what kind of feedback?
Negative
38
Aldosterone is impacted by what?
Potassium levels | Blood Pressure Levels (thus, blood volume levels)
39
High Potassium levels cause Aldosterone to be _____?
Secreted
40
Low Potassium levels cause Aldosterone to be _____?
Reabsorbed
41
What is blood volume (blood pressure) relationship to potassium?
Low BV, Low K+ | High BV, High K+
42
Sequence of events to restore Low Blood Volume levels to normal:
Low BV: | Aldosterone release causes Increased Na+/H20 reabsorption which Increases BV, BP, and Potassium secretion levels
43
Relationship between plasma K+ levels and Aldosterone
Increased plasma K+ concentration, Increased Aldosterone Secretion Decreased plasma K+ concentration, Increased Aldosterone reabsorption
44
Calcium is important for ______
Muscle contractility and 2nd messenger system
45
Vitamin D is essential for absorption of what?
Calcium
46
True/False: | Calcium is highly reabsorbed
True Less than 5% of Calcium is in Urine
47
Calcium and Phosphate are always connected. They bind to one another in bones (shouldn't bind together in blood). Is Calcium active when bound to Phosphate?
No
48
What is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) impacts on Calcium and Phosphate?
Increases calcium, Decreases Phosphate
49
True/False: | Phosphate is more excreted than Calcium
True. 3-20% of Phosphate is in Urine
50
When there's High Blood Calcium levels, Thyroid Gland releases______
Calcitonin to decrease blood Calcium levels
51
When there's Low Blood Calcium levels, Parathyroid Gland releases______
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) to increase blood Calcium levels
52
True/False: | In the Proximal Tubule, the trasnporter for Calcium reabsorption is UNKNOWN
True
53
What part of the Nephron has the most PTH receptors?
Distal Tubule
54
Majority of Calcium reabsorption is where in the Nephron?
Proximal Tubule. 60%
55
Impact of PTH at the Distal Tubule
Increases Calcium channels on Apical membrane Increases Calcium ATPase on Basolateral Membrane Overall, more Calcium reabsorption
56
Sequence of events for Hypocalcemia
Parathyroid releases PTH...Increases Calcium levels..Calcium resorption by Bones.. Increases Blood Calcium levels Parathyroid releases PTH...Activate Vitamin D..Calcium reabsorption by GI system..Increases Blood Calcium levels
57
Aldosterone at the Distal Tubule/Collecting Duct impacts what?
Increases NaCl, water reabsorption | Increases K+ secretion
58
ADH at the Proximal Tubule, Distal Tubule, Collecting Duct impacts what?
Increases NaCl, water reabsorption | Increases H secretion
59
ANP (ANF) at the Distal Tubule/Collecting Duct impacts what? ANP = Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/Factor
Decreases NaCl reabsorption thus, Decrease Blood Volume
60
PTH at the Proximal Tubule, Thin/Thick Ascending Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule impacts what?
Pi secretion | Increases Ca reabsorption
61
ADH at the Distal Tubule/Collecting Duct impacts what?
Increases Water reabsorption

Physiology (5 decks)

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