Renal System Part 1 Flashcards
The kidneys are located at the ________
Between L3 and T12, or CVA (costovertebral angle), retroperitoneally
Are the kidneys located in the peritoneal cavity?
No - retroperitoneally
weight of a kidney = ___
120-130g (4.5 oz)
width of a kidney = ___
2-3 inches (10-12cm)
thickness of a kidney = ___
2-3cm
length of a kidney = ___
5-6 inches
located on top of kidneys
Adrenal glands
Name the kidney’s internal distinct regions
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis
outer part of kidney, light in color and granular in appearance
Cortex
How wide is the cortex?
1cm
taft of capillaries; site for filtration
Glomerulus
The glomerulus is enclosed by _________
Bowman’s capsule
contains the loop of Henle, vasa recta, and renal pyramids
Medulla
How wide is the medulla?
5cm
responsible for water reabsorption
Loop of Henle
responsible for normal renal blood flow, and renal tissue perfusion
Vasa recta
where urine flows out to the calyces
Renal pyramids
tube that collects urine from the renal calyces and transport it to the ureter.
Renal pelvis
how much CO is received by the kidneys?
20-25%
basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
Nephrons
2 kinds of nephrons
Cortical nephrons & Juxtamedullary nephrons
85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex which forms urine
Cortical nephrons
what secretes renin?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
125 ml/min
hourly urine output
40-60 ml/hr
daily urine output
1.5L/day
high urine output
Polyuria
low urine output
Oliguria
pus in the urine
Pyuria
painful sexual intercourse
dyspareunia
no urine output
anuria
blood in the urine
hematuria
painful urination
dysuria
functions of the kidney
Clue: UERRCRSS
-Urine formation
-Excretion of waste products
-Regulation of electrolytes
-Regulation of acid- base balance
-Control of water balance and BP
-Regulation of RBC production
-Synthesis of vitamin D to active form
-Secretion of prostaglandins
normal serum sodium range
135-145mEq/ L
normal serum magnesium range
1.5-2.5mEq/ L
normal serum phosphate range
2.5-3.5mEq/ L
Normal serum potassium range
3.5-4.5mEq/ L
normal serum calcium range
4.5-5.5mEq/ L
normal serum chloride range
95-105mEq/ L
DOC for hyperkalemia
DOC - durg of choice
Kayexalate or exchange resin
Rationale: Exchange for Na in Gi, and excretion of K
failure of kidneys to activate vit D leads to what electrolyte imbalance
Hypocalcemia
Which may lead to renal osteodystrophy
high levels of this electrolyte increases serum osmolality
Sodium
electrolyte imbalance: hypernatremia
normal serum osmolality
270-290 mOsm/kg
normal serum Na range (135-145) times 2
sodium is inversely proportional to
Potassium
Calcium is inversely proportional to
Phosphate
Ca is also inversely proportional to the hormone PTH
Chloride is directly proportional to
Sodium
what is the acid-base imbalance in renal failure?
metabolic acidosis
failure of the kidneys to excrete acid
in case of metabolic acidosis, the kidneys secrete
HCO3- or Bicarbonate
the kidneys also reabsorbs bicarbonate
DOC for renal failure
DOC = drug of choice
sodium bicarbonate
hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation
Eryhtropoietin
Secreted by the kidneys to improve renal blood flow & regulate Na+
Prostaglandins
hormone secreted by the right atrium in response to increased volume and stretch due to increased ECV
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
a hormone that inhibits renin, and ADH secretions making collecting tubules less porous, and producing a large amount of diluted urine.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
muscular hollow sac located just behind the pubic bone
urinary bladder
smooth triangular portion of the base of the bladder
Trigone wall
allows bladder to expand or contract; consists of fibers arranged in inner and outer longitudinal layers and in a middle circular layer
Detrusor muscles
receives urine from the renal pelvis
ureter
length of ureters
12-20 inches
the urinary bladder can hold ___ of urine
500-800ml
thin, walled muscular tube that channels urine outside of the body; arising from the base of the bladder to the external urinary meatus.
Urethra
length of female urethra
1.5-2.5 in (3-5cm)
length of male urethra
5-6 in (20cm)