Renal system and Pharmacodynamics Flashcards
What are the 3 distinct parts of the Kidney ?
Cortex, Medulla & Renal Pelvis
Top 5 jobs of the Kidneys?
- Remove wastes and extra fluid Your kidneys act like a filter to remove wastes and extra fluid from your body.
- Control blood pressure Your kidneys need pressure to work properly.
- Make red blood cells Your kidneys make a hormone called erythropoietin.
- Keep bones healthy The kidneys make an active form of vitamin D.
- Control pH Level
What is the protective layer of fibrous connective tissue attached to the cortex called?
Capsule
What is the terminology used for the balancing of water and salt in the body?
Osmoregulation
True or False? The Kidneys prohibit the production of RBC (red blood cells)
FALSE - The Kidneys stimulate the production of RBCs
To stimulate RBC production, the kidney produces and sends a message through which hormone?
Erythropoietin
What vitamin do the kidneys help to activate to enable absorption of calcium ?
Vitamin D
What does homeostasis allow?
Allows the metabolic process to function properly by maintaining constant internal environment (BP, temp, pH, hydration, etc…)
What shape are the Kidneys in most species?
Bean shaped
What is the indented area of the kidney called? (where the blood vessels, nerves and ureters enter & leave)
Hilus
Where are the Kidneys located?
Retroperitoneal - in dorsal abdomen outside the peritoneum
What is the kidney surrounded by ?
Perirenal fat - a layer of protective fat
Which kidney tends to be more cranial ?
Right kidney
What is created in the Kidneys and travels down the ureters via peristalsis and then stored in the bladder?
Urine
Where do the ureters attach to the bladder?
Trigone
The bladder is made of specific cells, they are not found anywhere else in the body and they have the ability to stretch, what are they called?
Transitional epithelium cells (called this as they transition from so many cells thick too very thin)
What does the bladder wall consist of?
Smooth muscle tissue and stretch receptors (indicate when there is a need to urinate)
What does the bladder sphincter do?
Send a message to the brain to wee
The are two sphincter muscles, what are they ?
Internal sphincter (smooth & involuntary)
External sphincter (striated & voluntary)
Why are females urethras different to males ?
- Shorter tube opening into floor of reproductive tract
- Urethra & Uterus both go through the vestibule
The males urethra is divided into two parts, what are they called?
Pelvic & Penile urethra
What is the urinary output in dogs and cats?
1-2ml/kg/hr
What is the main functioning units of the Kidney called?
The Nephrons
What is the main job of the Nephrons?
Removing toxic waste from blood
Where abouts in the Kidneys are Nephrons located?
Start in cortex then loop into medulla
What removes waste and extra water from the blood via a cluster of blood vessels with thin walls?
Glomerulus
What are the vessels that arrive at the Nephron called?
Afferent (arrives) arteriole - wider
Efferent (exit) arteriole - thinner
The afferent arteriole being wider creates high BP in Glomerulus
How does the afferent arteriole benefit the Glomerulus?
The high BP enables blood to be pushed through the walls of Glomerulus blood vessels into the Bowmans capsule (made of squamous epithelial tissue) this action helps to keep the Glomerulus in place
High pressure in Glomerulus forces fluid & small molecules out of blood into Bowmans capsule, what is this process called?
Ultrafiltration
What happens to cells like RBCs & plasma proteins in the Glomerulus?
They are pushed back out into kidneys then back into the body where the re-join circulation
What is the fluid called that is produced from the glomerulus after it has done its job?
Glomerular filtrate
Where does the glomerular filtrate travel to next?
renal tubules
