Pharmaceutical Groups Flashcards
What system do anaesthetics act onto anaesthetise an animal (can be injectable or inhaled)?
Nervous system
What is defined as a reversible immobile state that induces amnesia?
General anesthesia
What three components does the ‘triad of anesthesia’ have ?
Muscle relaxation, unconsciousness and pain relief
What form of anesthesia, characterized by catatonia, analgesia and amnesia but does not necessarily involve loss of consciousness?
Dissociative anaesthetics
What type of anaesthetic blocks the relay of nociceptive (pain) information from the site of injury to the spinal cord?
Local anaesthetic
Lidocaine is a type of what?
Regional anesthesia - can be used for minor procedures in a sedated patient, such as placement of a central line suture and very small wounds or lancing abscesses
What works on the nervous system to help control pain?
Analgesics
What are methadone, buprenorphin, morphine, and fentanyl examples of?
Opioid analgesics - powerful painkillers which also cause sedation in many patients
What type of painkillers can be used in a combination with opioids as part of a multi modal programme?
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) commonly used to manage chronically painful conditions like osteoarthritis
Which drug are immune modulators and can be used for conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and are widely used to manage allergic skin disease?
Corticosteroids
What group of corticosteroids is used to group treat Addison’s?
Mineralocorticoids
What is the name of the group of corticosteroids that are used as anti-inflammatory and immune modulators?
Glucocorticoids
What group of drugs can either be bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
Antimicrobials
What is the name for cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy protocols?
Antineoplastics
What group of drugs stimulate the kidneys to excrete more water through the urine and are often used to manage patients with heart failure?
Diuretics
Which diuretics act to prevent reabsorption of sodium in the kidney?
Loop diuretics
Which diuretics antagonise the effects of aldosterone and reduce the need for potassium supplement?
Potassium sparing diuretics
Which diuretic inhibits reabsorption of water and sodium?
Osmotic diuretics
What is the mineral commonly used in dusting powders for exotics?
Calcium
What mineral is used in the treatment of hypokalemia?
Potassium
What mineral salts can be used for renal disease?
Phosphate binders
What vitamin can you use to help with GI disease and diarrhoea
Vitamin b12
What vitamin can be used as an antidote for anti-coagulant rodenticide toxicity ?
Vitamin K
What drug group can be used to manage seizures and are often sedative and can be addictive?
Anticonvulsants - examples soliphen and ziapam
What sedative group had a long duration of action(6 hours)?
Phenothiazines
Sedation is increased when combined with opioids, these sedatives provide good muscle relaxation and contribute to a multimodal analgesia technique and contributes to balanced anaesthesia. What group of sedatives are these ?
Alpha-2 Agonists
What group of drugs can be used to manage a variety of disorders including compulsive behaviors during spraying separation anxiety excessive grooming and favour plucking?
Behaviour modifying agents
What type of drugs do hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus need?
Endocrine system drugs
There are three groups of endocrine system drugs, what are they?
Hormones, hormone blockers and hormone production inhibitor
Under the drug group ‘gastrointestinal drugs’ what are used to reduce gastric acid secretion by reducing nausea and reducing the risk of gastric ulceration?
Antacids
What drugs are used to reduce nausea and vomiting in patients by blocking receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the brain?
Anti-emetics
What type of drug is used to induce vomiting?
Emetic
What type of drugs work to stimulate motility of the intestines?
Prokinetics
Antiarrhythmics, positive inotropes and vasodilators are types of which drug group ?
Cardiovascular drugs
Mucolytics, antitussives and bronchodilators are examples of which drug group
Respiratory drugs
Cortavance, canaural, aurizon, cytopoint, dexafort, apoquel and piriton would come under what drug group?
Dermatological drugs
Medications for eye issues would fall under which drugs group?
Ophthalmic drugs
Which injection is used to administer medication to the fatty layer of tissue (hypodermis) just under the epidermis and dermis, can be given anywhere there is loose skin, its tolerated well by most animals and the speed of onset of effect is 30 minutes?
Subcutaneous (SC)
What injection should be given at a 90° angle?
Intramuscular (IM)
What injection should be given at a 45° angle?
Subcutaneous (SC)
What injection should be given at a 25° angle?
Intravenous (IV)
Administered directly into the belly of a muscle, can be painful and the speed of onset of effect is 20 minutes. What injection is this?
Intramuscular (IM)
With an IM injection what sites are examples of common muscles that can be used in cats and dogs?
Triceps brachii, epaxial muscles and quadriceps
What site should an IM injection be given for a guinea pig?
Lumbar
What site should an IM injection be given for a rabbit?
Epaxial muscles and quadriceps
When we pull back the plunger of the syringe before injecting a medication what should not be present?
Blood
For an IM injection what volume should be administered at one side for a dog?
Up to 5 mls
For an IM injection what volume should be administered at one side for a dog?
Up to 5 mls
For an IM injection what volume should be administered at one side for a cat?
Up to 2mls
Fastest distribution to site of action, can give fluids to replace blood circulating volume,
Large volumes of medication can be given and speed of onset is 0-2 minutes, what injection is this?
Intravenous
How should suspension never be given ?
Intravenously - they could block capillaries in the lungs
