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Exam Study > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

cortex

A

lighter outer layer just inside the renal capsule, uniform granular appearance

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2
Q

medulla

A

reddish brown inner layer, cone-shaped pyramids, striped appearance

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3
Q

Specific Gravity

A

refers to the concentration of urine

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4
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

“fine tuning” process of urine formation

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5
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

occurs when fluid & electrolytes leave blood & enter tubules

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6
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Ducts

A

type of tubule where smaller amounts of water & electrolytes are reabsorbed

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7
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

type of tubule where majority of fluid, electrolytes & glucose are reabsorbed

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8
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

first step of urine formation

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9
Q

Urethra

A

how urine exits the body- experiences obstruction problems in men & infections in women

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10
Q

Bladder

A

stores urine

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11
Q

Ureters

A

transport urine to bladder

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12
Q

Function of the kidneys

A
  • excretion of wastes
  • fluid balance
  • acid-base balance
  • electrolyte balance
  • activation of vitamin D
  • hormone secretion (renin, erythropoietin)
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13
Q

nephron

A
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • produce urine
  • 85% of nephrons are cortical
  • 15% are juxtamedullary nephrons
  • long tubules, single layers of epithelial cells
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14
Q

anatomy of nephron

A
  • glomerular capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
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15
Q

Is the bladder controlled by sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves?

A

parasympathetic

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16
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney? In general, what does it do? In general, what does it consist of?

A

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. They are responsible for the formation of urine. It consists of small tubes and associated small blood vessels

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17
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

They are the mass of capillaries inside glomerular capsule that gives rise to filtrate that enters nephron tubule

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18
Q

Where is the glomerular (or Bowman’s) capsule located, and what occurs there?

A

This is where glomerular filtration occurs. The filtrate is then passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.

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19
Q

All the following are function of the kidney except:
A) regulating the volume of blood plasma
B) regulating the concentration of waste products in the blood
C) regulating the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins
D) regulating the concentration of ions in the plasma

A

C) regulating the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

20
Q 
The kidneys are located at the:
A) posterior abdominal wall
B) ventral thoracic wall
C) thoracic wall
D) ventral abdominal wall
A

A) posterior abdominal wall

21
Q 
The two major regions of the kidney are the:
A) major and minor calyx
B) renal and nephritic pyramids
C) medulla and cortex
D) jejunum and ileum
A

C) medulla and cortex

22
Q 
Urine flows to the urinary bladder from the kidney by means of the:
A) urethra
B) proximal tubule
C) peritubular capillary
D) ureter
A

D) ureter

23
Q 
The kidney structure in which urine is formed is known as the:
A) calyx
B) nephron
C) neuron
D) nephridium
A

B) nephron

24
Q 
The fluid that enters the glomerulus is:
A) serum
B) blood
C) sea water
D) fresh water
A

B) blood

25
Q

The structures leading away from the glomerular capsule include the:
A) renal artery and renal vein
B) peritubular capillary
C) proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle
D) glomerulus

A

C) proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle

26
Q

The driving force that pushes fluid from the blood into the glomerular capsule is exerted:
A) by the heart providing blood pressure
B) by the muscles lining the abdominal cavity
C) by the urinary bladder emptying
D) by the urethra draining away urine

A

A) by the heart providing blood pressure

27
Q

The loop of Henle exists between the:
A) renal artery and renal vein
B) peritubular capillary and collecting duct
C) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
D) glomerulus and peritubular capillary

A

C) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

28
Q

In the process of tubular excretion, materials move from:
A) the peritubular capillary to the proximal convoluted tubule
B) the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule
C) the glomerular capsule to the glomerulus
D) the peritubular capillary to the distal convoluted tubule

A

D) the peritubular capillary to the distal convoluted tubule

29
Q

Which of the following describes the flow of urine through the kidney?
A) glomerular capsule to renal vein to collecting duct
B) distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct to renal pelvis
C) collecting duct to glomerulus to peritubular capillary
D) renal artery to peritubular capillary to renal vein

A

B) distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct to renal pelvis

30
Q 
The urinary bladder has openings to the:
A) nephron and kidney
B) urethra and ureters
C) urinary meatus and glomerulus
D) renal vein and loop of Henle
A

B) urethra and ureters

31
Q 
The flow of urine in the ureters is assisted by the actions of:
A) blood pressure arising from the heart
B) emptying of the bladder
C) peristalsis in muscles of the ureter
D) movement of the diaphragm muscle
A

C) peristalsis in muscles of the ureter

32
Q 
The term micturition refers to:
A) the process of urine formation
B) a disease of the kidney
C) the process of urine expulsion
D) activities taking place in the renal calyx
A

C) the process of urine expulsion

33
Q 
All the following are considered accessory organs of excretion except:
A) the pancreas
B) the lungs
C) the skin
D) the intestines
A

A) the pancreas

34
Q

what surrounds each kidney?

A

a fibrous capsule,a perirenal fat capsule and renal fascia

35
Q

Which hormones does it secrete

A

Renin

Erythropoietin

36
Q

Microscopic anatomy (nephron)

A

Produce urine
Long tubules
Single layer of epithelial cells

37
Q

Blood supply

A 
Capillary beds
Afferent arterioles (Bowman capsule)
Renal venule (joint capillaries)
Efferent arteriole (glomerulus)
38
Q

Urinary bladder

A 
Smooth muscle (detruser muscle)
Transitional epithelium
Trigone
Ureters enters at back
Stores urine
Micturition or urination
39
Q

Urethra

A

Urethra leaves bladder inferior
Internal urethral sphincter is involuntary
External urethral sphincter is voluntary
Lines with mucous membrane
F - behind pubic symphysis and anterior to vagina
M - Through prostate to base of penis

40
Q

Ureters

A 
Two symmectrical tubes
From outlet of renal pelvis to bladder
Collect urine from kidneys
Transport urine to bladder
Smooth muscle layer (peristalsis)
Retroperitoneal
Enters pelvic brim
41
Q

Bladder capacity

A 
Feeling(150-300ml)
Feeling full (250-300ml)
Uncomfortable full(500ml)
Micturation reflex(L2)
Parasympathatic nerves
Sympathatic nerves
42
Q

Micturition

A

When 300ml smooth wall stretches.
Storage reflex is initiated by parasympathatic nerves
Micturition reflex is initiated as bladder gets fuller, message sent to pons
Internal urethral sphinctor relaxes as detrusor muscle contracts
External sphinctor also relaxed
Urine is voided (passed)

43
Q

what holds the kidneys in position?

A

the perirenal fat capsule

44
Q

internal gross anatomy of the kidney

A

a kidney has a superficial cortex, a deeper medulla consisting mainly of medullary pyramids, and a medial pelvis. Extensions of the pelvis (calyces) surround and collect urine draining from the apices of the medullary pyramids

45
Q

where are nephrons located?

A

the cortex-medulla junction

46
Q

collecting ducts

A

recieve urine from many nephrons and help concentrate urine. they form the medullary pyramids.

Exam Study (3 decks)

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