Renal system Flashcards
cortex
lighter outer layer just inside the renal capsule, uniform granular appearance
medulla
reddish brown inner layer, cone-shaped pyramids, striped appearance
Specific Gravity
refers to the concentration of urine
Tubular Secretion
“fine tuning” process of urine formation
Tubular Secretion
occurs when fluid & electrolytes leave blood & enter tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Ducts
type of tubule where smaller amounts of water & electrolytes are reabsorbed
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
type of tubule where majority of fluid, electrolytes & glucose are reabsorbed
Glomerular Filtration
first step of urine formation
Urethra
how urine exits the body- experiences obstruction problems in men & infections in women
Bladder
stores urine
Ureters
transport urine to bladder
Function of the kidneys
- excretion of wastes
- fluid balance
- acid-base balance
- electrolyte balance
- activation of vitamin D
- hormone secretion (renin, erythropoietin)
nephron
- functional unit of the kidney
- produce urine
- 85% of nephrons are cortical
- 15% are juxtamedullary nephrons
- long tubules, single layers of epithelial cells
anatomy of nephron
- glomerular capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
Is the bladder controlled by sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves?
parasympathetic
What is the functional unit of the kidney? In general, what does it do? In general, what does it consist of?
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. They are responsible for the formation of urine. It consists of small tubes and associated small blood vessels
What are glomeruli?
They are the mass of capillaries inside glomerular capsule that gives rise to filtrate that enters nephron tubule
Where is the glomerular (or Bowman’s) capsule located, and what occurs there?
This is where glomerular filtration occurs. The filtrate is then passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.
All the following are function of the kidney except:
A) regulating the volume of blood plasma
B) regulating the concentration of waste products in the blood
C) regulating the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins
D) regulating the concentration of ions in the plasma
C) regulating the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins
The kidneys are located at the: A) posterior abdominal wall B) ventral thoracic wall C) thoracic wall D) ventral abdominal wall
A) posterior abdominal wall
The two major regions of the kidney are the: A) major and minor calyx B) renal and nephritic pyramids C) medulla and cortex D) jejunum and ileum
C) medulla and cortex
Urine flows to the urinary bladder from the kidney by means of the: A) urethra B) proximal tubule C) peritubular capillary D) ureter
D) ureter
The kidney structure in which urine is formed is known as the: A) calyx B) nephron C) neuron D) nephridium
B) nephron
The fluid that enters the glomerulus is: A) serum B) blood C) sea water D) fresh water
B) blood
The structures leading away from the glomerular capsule include the:
A) renal artery and renal vein
B) peritubular capillary
C) proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle
D) glomerulus
C) proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle
The driving force that pushes fluid from the blood into the glomerular capsule is exerted:
A) by the heart providing blood pressure
B) by the muscles lining the abdominal cavity
C) by the urinary bladder emptying
D) by the urethra draining away urine
A) by the heart providing blood pressure
The loop of Henle exists between the:
A) renal artery and renal vein
B) peritubular capillary and collecting duct
C) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
D) glomerulus and peritubular capillary
C) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
In the process of tubular excretion, materials move from:
A) the peritubular capillary to the proximal convoluted tubule
B) the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule
C) the glomerular capsule to the glomerulus
D) the peritubular capillary to the distal convoluted tubule
D) the peritubular capillary to the distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following describes the flow of urine through the kidney?
A) glomerular capsule to renal vein to collecting duct
B) distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct to renal pelvis
C) collecting duct to glomerulus to peritubular capillary
D) renal artery to peritubular capillary to renal vein
B) distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct to renal pelvis
The urinary bladder has openings to the: A) nephron and kidney B) urethra and ureters C) urinary meatus and glomerulus D) renal vein and loop of Henle
B) urethra and ureters
The flow of urine in the ureters is assisted by the actions of: A) blood pressure arising from the heart B) emptying of the bladder C) peristalsis in muscles of the ureter D) movement of the diaphragm muscle
C) peristalsis in muscles of the ureter
The term micturition refers to: A) the process of urine formation B) a disease of the kidney C) the process of urine expulsion D) activities taking place in the renal calyx
C) the process of urine expulsion
All the following are considered accessory organs of excretion except: A) the pancreas B) the lungs C) the skin D) the intestines
A) the pancreas
what surrounds each kidney?
a fibrous capsule,a perirenal fat capsule and renal fascia
Which hormones does it secrete
Renin
Erythropoietin
Microscopic anatomy (nephron)
Produce urine
Long tubules
Single layer of epithelial cells
Blood supply
Capillary beds Afferent arterioles (Bowman capsule) Renal venule (joint capillaries) Efferent arteriole (glomerulus)
Urinary bladder
Smooth muscle (detruser muscle) Transitional epithelium Trigone Ureters enters at back Stores urine Micturition or urination
Urethra
Urethra leaves bladder inferior
Internal urethral sphincter is involuntary
External urethral sphincter is voluntary
Lines with mucous membrane
F - behind pubic symphysis and anterior to vagina
M - Through prostate to base of penis
Ureters
Two symmectrical tubes From outlet of renal pelvis to bladder Collect urine from kidneys Transport urine to bladder Smooth muscle layer (peristalsis) Retroperitoneal Enters pelvic brim
Bladder capacity
Feeling(150-300ml) Feeling full (250-300ml) Uncomfortable full(500ml) Micturation reflex(L2) Parasympathatic nerves Sympathatic nerves
Micturition
When 300ml smooth wall stretches.
Storage reflex is initiated by parasympathatic nerves
Micturition reflex is initiated as bladder gets fuller, message sent to pons
Internal urethral sphinctor relaxes as detrusor muscle contracts
External sphinctor also relaxed
Urine is voided (passed)
what holds the kidneys in position?
the perirenal fat capsule
internal gross anatomy of the kidney
a kidney has a superficial cortex, a deeper medulla consisting mainly of medullary pyramids, and a medial pelvis. Extensions of the pelvis (calyces) surround and collect urine draining from the apices of the medullary pyramids
where are nephrons located?
the cortex-medulla junction
collecting ducts
recieve urine from many nephrons and help concentrate urine. they form the medullary pyramids.
