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BIOM3200 > renal system > Flashcards

renal system Flashcards

1
Q

Where is ADH/vasopressin synthesized and stored?

A

hypothalamus ; posterior pituitary

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2
Q

How is plasma osmolality affected by dehydration?

A

increases ; stimulates an increase in water reabsorption in the kidneys (more H2O in blood, less in urine)

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3
Q

How does over-hydration affect plasma osmolality?

A

decreases ; stimulates decrease in water reabsorption in the kidneys (less H2O in blood, more H2O in urine)

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4
Q

What happens in Brattleboro rats?

A
  • mutation in ADH gene ; no ADH production
  • excessive thirst
  • excess dilute urine
  • diabetes insipidus (kidneys cannot conserve water)
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5
Q

What rhythm does ADH follow in children?

A
  • circadian
  • ASH levels increase at night (increased absorption of H2O, decreased production of urine)
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6
Q

How much H2O is intracellular and how much is extracellular?

A

2/3 - intracellular
1/3 - extracellular

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7
Q

How is H2O intaken?

A
  • drinking fluid and H2O in food
  • Water produced by metabolism
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8
Q

What is the rule of 3s?

A
  • A human can survive for 3mins w/o air
  • A human can survive for 3hrs w/o shelter (in harsh environment)
  • A human can survive for 3 days w/o water
  • A human can survive for 3 days w/o food
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9
Q

What is special about water regulation in the Arabian Camel?

A
  • Can survive for days w/o H2O in hot and dry environment
  • lipid metabolism of lipid stored in hump provides a significant amount of metabolic H2O
  • dry food provides some H2O
  • cannot halt the function of the kidneys but they are efficient at H2O recovery
  • When Hydrated: thermoregulate by panting
  • When Dehydrated: no panting
  • thermoregulation turned off for water conservation (supercooling at night, overheating during day)
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10
Q

Describe the functioning of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAAS)

A

1. Blood pressure falls
2. Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin into the blood
3. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I (ANGI)
4. ANGI is converted into ANGII by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
5. ANGII is a vasoconstrictor
6. Blood pressure increases

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11
Q

What is the function of Angiotensin II?

A
  • Stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex
  • Acts with aldosterone to increase salt & water retention by kidneys (increases blood volume)
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12
Q

Waht is special about water regulation in the Kangaroo Rat?

A
  • high oxygen consumption and respiratory water loss
  • survive w/o drinking H2O (even when available)
  • maintain body temp.
  • obtain H2O from dry food and metabolism
  • moist air in burrows reduces respiratory H2O loss
  • nocturnal (avoid heat of the day)
  • produce very dry feces
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13
Q

What happens when humans drink salt water?

A

become dehydrated

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14
Q

What happens to the blood after it travels through the glomerulus?

A

It continues winding around the nephron:
- Blood vessels send more water/solutes into the nephron as needed
- Blood vessels draw water/solutes out of the nephron as needed

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15
Q

What is Secretion?

A
  • Opposite of reabsorption
  • Active transport of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid
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16
Q

Excess K+ from glomerular filtrate is returned/reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries (blood) in proximal convoluted tubule – where does most of this filtrate go? Where does the rest go?

A
  • ~65% of salt & water in original glomerular ultrafiltrate reabsorbed across proximal tubule & returned to
    vascular system
  • ~20% returned to vascular system by reabsorption through descending limb of loop of Henle
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17
Q

How do marine mammals that have no access to fresh water survive?

A
  • obtain water from food (krill, fish, plankton
  • obtain water from metabolism
  • produce very concentrated urine
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18
Q

How do grizzly bears survive during hibernation?

A
  • live off stored fat reserves - metabolic water from lipids balance respiratory water loss
  • do not eat, defecate, drink or urinate
  • reduce their metabolix rate and heart rate
  • urea recycled to produce protein
  • water reabsorbed from bladder
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19
Q

What is paracellular transport?

A

reabsorbtion due to tight junctions of the proximal convoluted
tubule cells being leaky

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20
Q

What is transcellular transport?

A

reabsorbtion through the cell

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21
Q

What are teh functions of the kidneys

A
  • essential organs for life
  • excrete metabolic waste products
  • involved in other homeostatic processes (H2O and electrolyte regulation, pH balance
  • Major blood vessels associated (renal artery and vein)
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22
Q

Desrcibe the steps of secretion (3)

A

1. Filtration:
- Fluid & solutes leave glomerulus & enter Bowman’s capsule

2. Tubular reabsorption:
- Returns useful solutes & water to bloodstream

3. Tubular secretion:
- Returns selected solutes & water to tubules; eliminates wastes from blood

End result is filtered blood & waste removal (concentrated
urine)

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23
Q

What drains the urine from the kidneys?

A

ureters ; by peristalsis

24
Q

What stores urine?

A

the bladder

25
Q

What drains the bladder?

A

Urethra

26
Q

What is the function of the The Loop of Henle?

A

Sets up hyperosmotic environment in renal medulla (juxtamedullary nephrons) so that urine concentration can occur

27
Q

What are the components of the kidneys?

A
  • cortex
  • renal medulla
  • major arteries/veins
  • paillae of the renal medulla (renal pyramids)
  • renal pelvis connected to ureter
28
Q

What is the nephron?

A
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • blind-ended microscopic tubules
  • lost with age, cannot be replaced
  • associated with networks of peritubular capillary vessels
29
Q

What is the function of the Descending Loop of Henle?

A
  • Thin-walled
  • Filtrate becomes very concentrated (from 300 to 1200 mosm/L as it reaches loop turn)
  • Allows water to be drawn out i.e. impermeable to salt & permeable to water
30
Q

What is the function of the Ascending Loop of Henle?

A
  • Thick-walled
  • Rich in mitochondria
  • Salt actively extruded & sent back into interstitial fluid i.e. permeable to salt & impermeable to water
  • Concentration (osmolality) decreases from 1200 back to 300 mosm/L
31
Q

What does it mean when a nephron is juxtamedullary?

A

they dip into the medulla

32
Q

What is the Countercurrent Multiplier System?

A
  • Descending limb is passively permeable to water, making
    the concentration in the tubule more concentrated
  • Extrusion of salt from ascending limb makes the
    surrounding interstitial fluid more concentrated
33
Q

What are the four regions of the nephron?

A

1.Bowman’s/glomerular capsule (where blood enters)
2.Proximal convoluted tubule
3.Loop of Henle
4.Distal convoluted tubule

note: collecting ducts olay an essential role in water retention but not typically considered a part of the nephron

34
Q

──── must be present
to make urine
hyperosmotic (more
concentrated than blood)

A

ADH

35
Q

What are the three steps of urine formation?

A
  1. filtration - movement of fluid from blood -> lumen of nephron ; only takes place in “renal corpuscle” where glomeruli and Bowman’s capsule allow for bulk flow of fluid
  2. Reabsorption - after filtrate leaves Bowman’s capsule, it is modified by reabsorption ; substances in the nephron tubules flow back into blood
  3. secretion: select molecules are removed from the blood and added back into the nephron tubule filtrate
36
Q

What is the fucntion of the collecting ducts?

A

Under influence of ADH, water drawn out of filtrate by osmosis from medullary collecting duct into blood (to make urine
hyperosmotic)

37
Q

Describe the steps needed to make urine hyperosmotic in the collecting ducts

(i think the collecting ducts?? These slides are very confusing lolol)

A
  1. ADH is secreted from the posterior pituitary
  2. ADH/vasopressin binds receptor
  3. Signals cAMP
  4. Inserts AQP2 on apical side
  5. Water absorbed by osmosis into blood
38
Q

What are the risk factors for chronic kidney disease?

A
  • 20+ yrs. old
  • female
  • diabeters
  • hypertension
39
Q

How does filtration occur in the kidneys?

A
  • inner layer of Bowman’s capsule made up of podocytes
  • intricate interdigitation of pedicels
  • filtration slits/diaphragms - act as filters, negatively charged, major barrier to proteins, smaller plasma solutes easily enter glomerular filtrate
  • proteinuria - mutations in slit proteins causing protein in urine
40
Q

How is blood plasma forced out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

41
Q

What is the role of the Vasa Recta?

A
  • Acts as counter current exchange system
  • Diffusion of salt & water changes the salt concentration of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla (therefore maintains standing osmotic gradient)
42
Q

is the daily glomerular filtrate production higher in women or men?

A

Men - 180L/day
Women - 150L/day

43
Q

How often is the entire blood volume filtered?

A

every 40 mins ; most of it is recovered

44
Q

What is the role of the Ureters?

A
  • Urine moves from renal pelvis to ureter
  • Smooth muscle in walls carry out peristalsis
  • Peristalsis waves move urine toward bladder
45
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A
  • determined by glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
  • Increased blood pressure: afferent arteriole constricts ; efferent arteriole dilates
  • Decreased blood pressure: afferent arteriole dilates ; efferent arteriole constricts
46
Q

What prevents backflow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters?

A

flap valve

47
Q

What happens to GFR when blood hydrostatic pressure changes?

A

stays constant at 125mL/min

48
Q

What are some characteristics of Hyperosmotic Urine?

A
  • Sterile
  • Pale to dark yellow
  • Rapidly populated by bacteria
49
Q

What are some substances that if found in urine, insidcate disease (5)?

A
  • Protein
  • Glucose
  • Blood cells
  • Hemoglobin
  • Bile
50
Q

What does a relatively stable GFR ensure?

A

constant flow of glomerular filtrate ; allowing reabsoprtion to occur and waste to be eliminated

51
Q

What are Juxtaglomerular cells?

A

smooth muscle cells in the afferent
arteriole

52
Q

What are Macula densa cells?

A

sensory cells in a region of the distal
convoluted tubule

53
Q

What are Mesangial cells?

A

connect juxtaglomerular & macula densa cells (i.e. communication)

54
Q
A
55
Q

What are Sympathetic nerve fibres?

A

associated with afferent arterioles; redirect blood from kidney to other organ system

BIOM3200 (12 decks)

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