renal system

Question 1

what are the components of the renal system?

Answer 1

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

Question 2

what are the different functions of the kidneys?

Answer 2

maintain proper fluid volume, regulate electrolyte levels and acid base balance in the blood.

Kidneys also eliminate waste products liek urea, uric acid, ammonia and creatinine.

Regulate blood pressure through release if renin.
Enable RBC production through release of erythropoietin.

Also convert vitamin D to its active form which is necessary for absorption of calcium.

Question 2

what are the different functions of the kidneys?

Answer 2

maintain proper fluid volume, regulate electrolyte levels and acid base balance in the blood.

Kidneys also eliminate waste products liek urea, uric acid, ammonia and creatinine.

Regulate blood pressure through release if renin.
Enable RBC production through release of erythropoietin.

Also convert vitamin D to its active form which is necessary for absorption of calcium.

Question 3

Simple order that filtrate goes through to become urine and be elminated

Answer 3

Blood enters nephron through afferent arteriole and the glomerus will filter the blood at a rate of about 125 ml per minute.
Non-filterable components will exit the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole. This can include proteins and blood cells.
The glomerular filtrate will move on through the tubular structures, including the : proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule to the collecting ducts.
-As filtrate moves through structures, water, electrolytes and other substances are reabsorbed into circulation or excreted into urine.

Question 4

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

Answer 4

Nephron. Responsible for urine formation

Question 5

describe structure of nephron

Answer 5

Each nephron consists of a glomerulus which is surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule, and tubule structures.

Question 6

what does RAAS stand for and what is this?

Answer 6

RAAS
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
———
When there is low blood pressure in the body this will cause decreased blood flow to the kidney so decreased renal flow which will cause the kidneys to release renin.

Renin converts angiotensin into angiotensin I, which is then converted into angiotensin II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme produced by lungs). This will cause 3 things to happen whihc will INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE.

1) Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles in nephrons which causes increased sodium and water reabsorption.
2) Release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex which then causes reabsorption of water and sodium at the kidneys.
3) Vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels which will bring up BP of the body.

Question 7

what is ADH? what is its effect on the kidneys?

Answer 7

So antidiuretic hormone, or ADH, is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland in response
to an increase in the blood osmolarity, meaning the blood is concentrated.
ADH will cause the kidneys to reabsorb water, so not water and sodium but just water, and
that will help to dilute the blood.
It also brings up blood volume as well as blood pressure.

Question 8

what is the effect of natriuretic hormones on kidneys and blood pressure ?

Answer 8

Then we have natriuretic hormones, which include ANP and BNP, which are released by the cardiac
muscle cells in response to stretch.
So if the heart is being stretched due to excess volume, that will cause the release of BNP and ANP.
In turn, ANP and BNP will stimulate diuresis, so it will cause the kidneys to excrete more
water and more sodium, and this will bring down the body’s blood volume as well as the
blood pressure.

Question 9

what does it mean when referring to urine’s specific gravity?

Answer 9

electrolytes and urine osmoality

Question 10

When doing a urinalysis what should the patient’s urine specific gravity be?

Answer 10

1.01-1.025

Question 11

what does it mean i the urine specific gravity is elevated?

Answer 11

elevated- concentrated

decreased- dilute urine

Question 12

when doing a urinalysis what should NOT BE present?

Answer 12

glucose, ketones, blood, protein, bilirubin, nitrates and leukocyte esterase.

Question 13

What are the 2 key blood tests for the renal system?

Answer 13

Creatinine and BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

Question 14

what are the normal levels of creatinine and what is unhealthy?

Answer 14

normal levels are 0.6-1.2

If we have elevated levels this could indicate kidney dysfunction

Question 15

what is the healthy level for BUN and what indicates poor health?

Answer 15

10-20.

If elevated could show kidney dysfunction BUT patient could also just be dehydrated.

Question 15

what is the healthy level for BUN indicates poor health?

Answer 15

10-20.

If elevated could show kidney dysfunction BUT patient could also just be dehydrated.

Question 16

Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI

Answer 16

So the pathophysiology behind a UTI is we have bacteria, usually E. coli, which is contaminating the periurethral area, and then that bacteria will colonize the urethra and then migrate up to the bladder

Question 17

what are the signs and symptoms of a UTI

Answer 17

Signs and symptoms of a UTI can include abdominal pain, dysuria, so difficulty
with urination, urinary frequency and urgency. The patient may have cloudy-colored urine. The urine may have a foul odor. In older patients, they may have confusion.

Question 18

why do you need to suspect a UTI in older patients if sudden onset confusion?

Answer 18

Confusion is a common symptom in older patients. Must suspect UTI or electrolyte imbalance.

Question 19

What treatments are used for UTIs?

Answer 19

Antibitoics.

Phenazopyridine, bladder analgesic that can reudce pain associated with UTIs.

Question 20

Educating females on UTIs

Answer 20

In terms of patient teaching regarding
prevention, we should reinforce to females that it’s important to wipe from front to back.
They should wear cotton underwear, avoid bubble baths, and avoid sitting in wet clothing or bathing suits. In addition, urinating after intercourse can help prevent UTIs

Question 21

Educating males on UTIs

Answer 21

Uncircumcised males
4:48
should clean under the foreskin, and cranberry juice has been shown to decrease the risk of UTIs.

Question 22

What is pylonephritis?

Answer 22

KIDNEY INFECTION

Acute-UTI in bladder which spreads up the ureters to the kidneys.

Question 23

symptoms of acute pyelonephritis

Answer 23

costovertebral tenderness, back pain, fever,chills, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, tachypnoea and hypertension

Question 24

How would you treat someone with kidney infection

Answer 24

And then, in terms of treatment, we’re going to need to give the patient antibiotics, antipyretics, and analgesics.

So, depending on their pain level, they may only require NSAIDs. But many patients have severe pain with pyelonephritis, and that may necessitate opioid analgesics.