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BMS Exam 5 > Renal Structure and Function > Flashcards

Renal Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Two main functions of the kidneys

A

Rid the body of waste that is either ingested or produced by metabolism
Control the volume and electrolyte composition of the blood

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2
Q

The average kidney in an adult weighs about _____.

A

150 grams (⅓ pound)

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3
Q

T/F the kidneys lie on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, outside of the peritoneum

A

T

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4
Q

The outside layer of the kidney is a tough, fibrous _______, which is protective

A

Renal Capsule

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5
Q

the Renal Cortex is where the ___ and ___ are located

A

glomeruli and arterioles

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6
Q

Within the renal medulla, each kidney contains 8-10 cone-shaped structures called _____

A

Renal Pyramids

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7
Q

The major calyces join in the middle of the kidney to form the _____

A

Renal Pelvis

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8
Q

T/F The ureter is a contractile structure

A

T

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9
Q

urine is stored until emptied through the Urethra by_____

A

micturition

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10
Q

Motor _____ fibers from S2-S4 initiate bladder contraction

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

Which fibers cause contraction of external sphincter muscles, preventing urination until “it’s time” ?

A

Pudendal somatic motor fibers (under cerebral and brainstem control)

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12
Q

Each human kidney contains roughly _____ urine-creating Nephrons

A

0.8 - 1 million

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13
Q

T/F The kidneys are continuously generating new nephrons if they become diseased or injured

A

F - The kidneys are not able to generate new nephrons if they become diseased or injured.

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14
Q

By 80 years of age, a healthy individual will have about ____ of nephrons left

A

40%

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15
Q

a tuft or ball of capillaries in each nephron, through which large volumes of fluid are filtered from the blood

A

Glomerulus

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16
Q

The efferent arteriole of the nephron becomes a complex network called the _____

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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17
Q

The renal circulation is unique in having ____

A

two capillary beds

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18
Q

Purpose of the bowmans capsule

A

Collects the filtrate

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19
Q

From Bowman’s Capsule, the filtrate flows into the _____

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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20
Q

From the Loop of Henle, the fluid passess right by the glomerulus and then reaches the _____ back in the renal cortex.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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21
Q

Each large collecting duct collects urine from as many as _____ nephrons

A

4000 nephrons

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22
Q

Two types of nephrons

A

Cortical Nephrons
Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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23
Q

No matter how deep a nephron lies within the kidney, the _____ is found within the renal cortex

A

glomerulus

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24
Q

Which loop of henle extend deeper? Cortical or Juxtamedullary?

A

Juxtamedullary
20-30% of all the nephrons are Juxtamedullary and have long Loops of Henle that extend very deep.

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25
Q

Draped over and through these long Loops of juxtoglomeruler nephrons are a specialized peritubular capillary called _____

A

Vasa Recta

26
Q

Blood flow to the kidneys accounts for about ___% of total cardiac output.

A

22

27
Q

Arcuate Arteries and Veins run ____ of the renal medulla and renal cortex

A

along the border

28
Q

The Peritubular Capillaries drain into the ____

A

Interlobular Veins

29
Q

Three excretion processes

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

30
Q

Filtrate in Bowman’s Capsule is almost identical to _____.

A

the plasma

31
Q

Of all the plasma passing through the glomerulus, ____% of the plasma is filtered

A

20

32
Q

the glomerular capillaries have a _____ intravascular pressure

A

Higher
Systemic capillaries- About 17 mmHg
Glomerular capillaries- About 60 mmHg

33
Q

The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid that _____

A

filters into Bowman’s Capsule per unit of time.

34
Q

In an average, healthy adult, the GFR is about_____

A

125 mL/min

35
Q

T/F less than 1% of the plasma is eventually excreted in the urine

A

T

36
Q

The Filtration Membrane is 3 layers thick:

A

Capillary Endothelium
Basement Membrane
Epithelial (Podocyte) Cells

37
Q

The Capillary Endothelium allows for a high rate of filtration because the wall is perforated by thousands of small holes called ____

A

Fenestrations

38
Q

What is found in the capillary entothelium?

A

Contains negatively charged membrane proteins as well (repels plasma proteins)

39
Q

The Basement Membrane is made of a meshwork of ___ and ____

A

collagen and negatively charged proteoglycans

40
Q

As filtered fluid (filtrate) leaves Bowman’s Capsule and moves through the Tubules, it is modified in two different ways:

A

Reabsorption of water and specific solutes back into the blood
Secretion of other substances from the capillaries into the tubules

41
Q

all three layers of the filtration membrane have some degree of a ____ charge because of membrane proteins or proteoglycans.

A

negative

42
Q

There are two main advantages of a high GFR (125 mL/min or 180 L/day)

A

It allows the kidneys to rapidly remove waste products
It allows all body fluids to be filtered several times each day.

43
Q

An example of a waste that is not reabsorbed at all is ____, so essentially all that is filtered gets excreted

A

Creatinine

44
Q

Substances that are partially reabsorbed from the tubules back into capillary blood, rate of excretion < rate of filtration

A

This pattern is typical for many electrolytes, such as Sodium, Chloride, & Bicarb ions

45
Q

Substances that are freely filtered and not excreted because they are 100% reabsorbed

A

most of the nutritional substances in the blood, such as glucose, amino acids

46
Q

Substances freely filtered, not reabsorbed at all, but additional quantities are secreted from the blood into the tubule as the fluid moves along, leading to an excretion rate greater than that of the filtration rate

A

acids and bases

47
Q

secretion plays a large role in regulation of the amount of ____ and ____ ions (and others) excreted in the urine

A

Potassium and Hydrogen

48
Q

T/F Most waste products of metabolism (such as Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, etc.) are easily filtered but poorly reabsorbed (if at all), so excretion rates are high as long as GFR remains high.

A

T

49
Q

How are solutes reabsorbed into the capillaries?

A

Solutes are transported through the cells (transcellular path) by passive diffusion or active transport, or between the cells (paracellular path) by diffusion.

50
Q

How is water reabsorbed into the capillaries?

A

Water is transported through and between the cells by osmosis.

51
Q

The Glomerular Filtration Rate can be increased or decreased depending on alterations to certain variables, including

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
Bowman’s Capsule Pressure
Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Capillary Permeability
Relative Resistance of Afferent or Efferent Arterioles

52
Q

The Net Filtration Pressure is the sum of the ____

A

Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic forces across the glomerular capillaries that either favor or oppose the process of filtration.

53
Q

What is the primary means of physiologic GFR regulation?

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

54
Q

Increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus ____ the GFR

A

increases

55
Q

3 main things than can increase (or decrease) glomerular pressure:

A

1) Increasing (or decreasing) arterial blood pressure;
2) Afferent arteriole resistance;
3) Efferent arteriole resistance (more to come)

56
Q

increase in Colloid Osmotic Pressure works to ___ GFR.

A

decrease

57
Q

This pressure works against filtration as it directly pushes back on the Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

58
Q

decreasing the permeability of the capillary membrane will ____ the GFR.

A

decrease

59
Q

When required, the kidneys are capable of producing urine that is ___ times the osmolarity of the plasma

A

4-5

60
Q

Requirements for excreting concentrated urine

A

High levels of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla

61
Q

ADH effect on the kidneys

A

Increases the permeability to water by stimulating the insertion of Aquaporins into the tubular membrane, thereby opening a channel for water diffusion
This increases the reabsorption of water into the blood and results in small volumes of concentrated urine.

62
Q

By a process called the _____, the Loop of Henle is used to produce a hyperosmotic renal medulla

A

Countercurrent Multiplier System

BMS Exam 5 (5 decks)

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