Insulin, Glucagon and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

There are two major types of tissue that compose the pancreas

A

The Acini, which secrete digestive juices into the duodenum

The Islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the blood

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2
Q

The pancreas contains between 1 and 2 million pancreatic islets which are organized _____

A

around small capillaries.

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3
Q

The islets contain three major types of cells that differ in their morphological and staining characteristics

A

Alpha Cells- Secrete glucagon (about 25% of islet)
Beta Cells- Secrete insulin and amylin (about 60% of islet)
Delta Cells- Secrete somatostatin

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4
Q

Insulin is a small protein hormone that is associated with “_______.”

A

energy abundance

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5
Q

What is insulin composed of?

A

Two amino acid chains that are connected to each other by disulfide linkages

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6
Q

Explain the synthesis of Insulin

A

Slide 11

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7
Q

The primary controller of insulin secretion is the

A

glucose concentration in the blood.

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8
Q

Beta cells contain a large number of membrane _____ which permit an influx of glucose at a rate proportional to the blood glucose concentration

A

glucose transporters (GLUT2)

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9
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is then oxidized into

A

ATP

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10
Q

ATP inhibits membrane Potassium leak channels, which causes the cell to _____

A

depolarize

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11
Q

What, in addition to ATP, can inhibit the K+ channel, increasing insulin secretion?

A

Sulfonylurea drugs

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12
Q

Normal fasting level of blood glucose

A

80 to 90 mg/100 mL

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13
Q

As the blood glucose concentration rises above ____, secretion of insulin rises rapidly (10-fold within 3-5 minutes)

A

100

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14
Q

After insulin is secreted, it circulates almost entirely ____ and free in the plasma.

A

unbound

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15
Q

To initiate its effects on target cells, insulin first needs to do what?

A

bind with and activate a membrane receptor protein (which we call the Insulin Receptor)

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16
Q

Insulin receptors are made up of 2 parts - what are they?

A

2 extracellular alpha subunits and two membrane-bound beta subunits (connected by disulfide bonds)

17
Q

Proinsulin is made of

A

three peptide chains: A, B, and C

18
Q

In the golgi apparatus, most of the Proinsulin is cleaved at two sites to form _____, which is composed of disulfide-connected A and B chains

19
Q

The C chain is also called “the connecting peptide,” or _____

20
Q

These IRS enzymes are responsible for ____

A

regulating the intracellular effects of insulin.

21
Q

Three locations of rapid uptake of glucose

A

muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver.

22
Q

T/F One of the most important effects of insulin is to cause most of the glucose absorbed after a meal (up to 60%) to be rapidly stored in the liver in the form of glycogen.

23
Q

The ___ does not require insulin in order to utilize glucose

24
Q

Excess glucose is converted into ___

A

fatty acids (lipogenesis)

25
insulin deficiency increases the use of ____ for energy.
fat
26
When fats are being used for energy during insulin deficiency, _____ is produced in large quantities. This can lead to a _____ in uncontrolled diabetes,
acetoacetic acid; ketoacidosis
27
T/F - insulin also promotes the synthesis and storage of protein after meals.
T
28
The resulting _____ is one of the most serious of all consequences of severe diabetes
protein wasting
29
Insulin and ____ interact synergistically to promote growth, with each performing specific function separate from that of the other.
Growth Hormone
30
Glucagon is a ____ created by the _____ of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
polypeptide hormone; alpha cells
31
overall function and purpose of glucagon is to
increase the blood glucose concentration.
32
We call glucagon the ____ hormone
hyperglycemic
33
As plasma glucose levels fall, the amount of glucagon that is secreted _____ several fold
increases
34
In addition to a low blood glucose concentration, glucagon secretion can also be stimulated by
Exercise Increased amino acids in the blood
35
When secreted into the blood, glucagon triggers these two things
Breakdown of glycogen from the liver (Glycogenolysis) Increased creation of glucose (Gluconeogenesis) in the liver
36
Two causes of Diabetes Mellitus
lack of insulin secretion (Type 1 DM) decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin (Type 2 DM)
37
Lab tests we use to diagnose and/or monitor patients with diabetes
Hemoglobin A1C Plasma Glucose (Fasting and postprandial) Glucose Tolerance Testing Urinary Glucose Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs)