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Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

movement of particles across membranes is driven by this

A

gradients

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2
Q

Lipid bilayer prevents movement of what two kinds of molecules

A 
charged (Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++)
Polar molecules (glucose)
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3
Q

Lipid bilayer allows crossing of what two kinds of molecules

A 
Lipid soluble (antidiuretic, aldosterone)
Small polar (H2O
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4
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of particles from high to low passively across the membrane without a transporter

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5
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

“money maker”
moves particles from low to high across the membrane with a transporter
particles cannot cross without the transporter

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6
Q

two factors affect the rate of diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

size of the gradient (larger = faster)

permeability of the membrane to the solute (more permeable/more pores = faster)

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7
Q

active transport

A 
movement from low to high concentration, against electrochemical gradient
requires ATP (converted to ADP by hydrolysis)
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8
Q

secondary active transport

A

movement from low to high concentration, against electrochemical gradient
requires potential energy generated by an active transporter

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9
Q

symport

A

cotransport in the same direction

facilitated by symporter

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10
Q

antiport

A

cotransport in opposite directions

facilitated by antiporter

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11
Q

osmosis

A

movement across a selectively permeable membrane

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12
Q

effective osmole

A

molecule will not cross the membrane, creates a concentration gradient

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13
Q

ineffective osmole

A

molecule will cross the membrane and will not create a concentration gradient

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14
Q

osmolarity

A

concentration of osmotically active things in a solution

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15
Q

Tonicity

A

concentration of effective osmoles (things that cause osmosis)

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16
Q

three types of tonicity

A

hypotonic: low effective osmolarity
hypertonic: high effective osmolarity
isotonic: same effective osmolarity

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17
Q

Gross morphology from exterior to interior

A

capsule, cortex, medulla, pyramid (base, apex, papillae), renal pelvis, hilus

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18
Q

contents of the nephron in the cortex

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, some distal straight and distal convoluted

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19
Q

contents of the nephron in the medulla

A

loop of Henle, collecting ducts, some distal straight and distal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

what structures make up the renal corpuscle

A

afferent arteriole, macula densa, glomerulus (podocytes and pedicles), Bowman’s capsule, efferent arteriole

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21
Q

features of the efferent arteriole that increases the blood pressure in the glomerulus

A

small diameter, less stretchy

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22
Q

what components of podocytes/pedicles contribute to filtration apparatus in the glomerulus

A

walls of capillary, basement membrane (lamina rara interna, lamina densa, lamina rara externa), slit diaphragm

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23
Q

components of the proximal tubule that differentiate it’s function

A

microvili and apical canaliculi (increases surface area for absortpion)
lots of mitochondria (uses lots of ATP)

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24
Q

loop of Henle absorption

A

descending limb: H2O and Na/Cl

ascending limb: Na/Cl only

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25
hormone that enables distal part of distal tubule to be permeable to water
antidiuretic hormone
26
three parts of juxtaglomerular apparatus and theyre function
macula densa: direct contact with the filtrate extraglomerular: recieve info from macula densa juxtaglomerular: secrete renin, angiotensin converting enzymes and angiotensin 1&2
27
principal cells function and location
reabsorption, cortical collecting tubule, inner&outer medullary collecting tubule, papillary collecting tubules
28
intercalated cells function and location
secretion (H, HCO3), cortical collecting tubule, outer medullary collecting tubule
29
glomerular filtration barriers
size: pores with different sizes to exclude large molecules Charge: negatively (anionic) charged proteins in the glycocalyx
30
starling's forces out of the capillary
capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) and Bowman's space oncotic pressure (πbs)
31
starling's forces into the capillary
bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (Pbs) and Capillary oncotic pressure (πc)
32
constricting/relaxing afferent and efferent arterioles affect on GFR
constrict: decrease GFR, decrease Pc relax: increase GFR, increase Pc
33
heartworm and lyme disease affect on GFR
produces antigens that get stuck in the glomerulus
34
plasma protein changes affect on GFR
affects πc increase protein: decrease GFR decrease protein: increase GFR
35
obstructions in urinary system affect on GFR
affects Pbs increase Pbs: decrease GFR decrease Pbs: increase GFR
36
autoregulation
the range of blood pressures where the kidney is able to maintain filtration rate independent of systemic blood flow
37
myogenic autoregulation
preventative autoregulation | vasoconstriction (at high blood pressure) and vasodilation (at low blood pressure) in the afferent arteriole
38
tubuloglomerular feedback
regulatory autoregulation by sensing ultrafiltrate ionic constituents, signaling parts of juxtaglomerular aparatus and stimulating autoregulation
39
NKCC2
part of macula densa cells, senses Na, K, Cl concentration in ultrafiltrate
40
release of ATP/adenosine in tubuloglomerular feedback, where and what it does
released from macula densa, activates extraglomerular mesangial cell receptors
41
extraglomerular mesengial cell function in tubuloglomerular feedback
receives ATP/adenosine signal from macula densa increases Ca to contract afferent arteriole inhibits release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells
42
angiotensinogen
produced in liver, interacts with renin to become angiotensin 1
43
angiotensin 1
interacts with angiotensin converting enzyme in the lung, becomes angiotensin 2
44
functions of angiotensin 2 in high blood pressure
systemic arteriolar vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure) stimulates antidiuretic secretion and thirst increases tubular uptake of NaCl
45
functions of angiotensin 2 in low blood pressure
systemic vasoconstriction (especially on efferent arteriole) increases PGE2 release from macula densa stops renin release
46
release of PGE2 during low blood pressure juxtaglomerular feedback
released by macula densa stimulates afferent arteriole vasodilation stimulates juxtaglomerular to release renin - increases angiotensin 2
47
3 important facts about the Na/K ATPase
3Na out for 2K in requires ATP maintains the electrochemical gradient (with low intracellular Na)
48
things the proximal tubule reabsorbs
water, Na, solutes, glucose, amino acids, bicarb
49
things the proximal tubule secretes into tubular fluid
H, anions
50
ways Cl is absorbed
``` Cl/anion antiporter (with electrochemical gradient) Paracellular diffusion (will bring Na across too) ```
51
protein reabsorption
occurs in proximal tubule | partially degraded on luminal membrane, fully degraded by lysosomes, amino acids absorbed on basolateral membrane
52
Loop of Henle ascending limb reabsorption
NaCl (25%) | passive
53
Loop of Henle descending limb reabsorption
H2O (15%) | passive
54
NKCC1 symporter
brings Na, K, 2Cl into the cell | K is against concentration gradient
55
loop diuretics
inhibit the work of the NKCC1 symporter
56
thiazide diuretics
inhibit the work of the Na/Cl symporter
57
antidiuretic hormone affect on distal tubule
enables water reabsorption, the cells are otherwise impermeable to water
58
Principal cells in collecting ducts reabsorb what
NaCl and H2O if antidiuretic hormone is present
59
channels in principal cells are sensitive to what
Na channels: amiloride | aquaporins: antidiuretic hormone
60
Principal cell K homeostasis
K leaves down gradient into tubular fluid and interstium via passive channels
61
purpose of intercalated cells and active enzyme
maintain acid base balance | carbonic anhydrase
62
concurrent multiplication
two factors create the idea environment for the reabsorption of Na and H2O in the loop of henle
63
descending limb concurrent multiplication
permeable to H2O, moves passively out because Na osmolarity is higher in interstitium as the loop descends
64
hairpin loop concurrent multiplication
tubular fluid osmolarity = interstitium osmolarity BUT Na is more concentrated in tubular fluid
65
Ascending loop concurrent multiplication
Na passively moves out by the concentration gradient until the distal tubule
66
distal tubule role in concurrent multiplication
active transport of Na into interstitium, creates osmolarity for H2O to leave the tubular fluid
67
antidiuretic hormone function
regulate water conservation no/low is water expelled in the kidney high is conserved water (reabsorbed into the blood)
68
antidiuretic hormone stimulus and location
Released from anterior pituitary release stimulated by high extracellular osmolarity (osmoreceptors in hypothalamus) release stimulated by low extracellular volume (baroreceptors in coronary sinus and aorta)
69
antidiuretic hormone function on urea
high concentration stimulates medullary collecting duct permeability, allowing urea into interstitial fluid
70
urea function on reabsorbtion
effective osmole in tubular fluid in loop of Henle (helps absorb H2O in the descending limb) ineffective osmole in collecting duct
71
Vasa recta
hairpin loop of capillaries throughout the kidney
72
Vasa recta goal
removes water from interstitium back into circulation keeps Na in interstitium works because there are no permeability differences in the capillary
73
determinant of extracellular osmolarity
concentration of Na in extracellular fluid
74
determinant of extracellular volume
amount of sodium in extracellular fluid
75
hypernatremia and signs
high osmolarity of Na in extracellular fluid water moves out of cells cerebral vessel hemorrhage, muscle weakness, neurological signs, coma
76
hyponatremia and signs
low osmolarity of extracellular fluid water moves into cells cerebral and pulmonary edema, muscle weakness, incoordination, seizures
77
osmoreceptors
senses ECF osmolarity High ECF osmolarity increases ADH, increases thirst decreases Na in blood
78
hypervolemia and signs
increased extracellular volume, ascites and pulmonary edema
79
hypovolemia and signs
decreased volume, organ damage (from O2 depletion) low blood pressure, tachycardia
80
baroreceptors
senses ECF volume High releases natriuretic peptide, stops ADH, decreases blood volume Low stimulates ADH and sympathetic nervous system, increases blood volume
81
Juxtaglomerular appartus role in ECF volume
senses low ECF and stimulates renin-angeotensin system
82
sympathetic flow
increases Na and H2O reabsorption, increasing ECF volume releases norepinephrine stimulates transporters in proximal tubule stimulates renin release
83
norepinephrine
vasoconstrictor, increases glomerular filtration rate | increases Starling's forces on Na reabsorption at peritubular capillaries
84
Starling's forces changes because of decreased ECF
higher tubular hydrostatic force (because higher golmerular filtration rate) pushes fluid out of tubules Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases, capillary oncotic pressure increases - both cause Na and H2O to be reabsorbed into the capillary
85
Angiotensin II effect on low ECF
``` Increases Na/H2O uptake into capillary Constricts efferent arterioles stimulates Na/H antiporter in proximal and distal tubules Stimulates ADH release Stimulates aldosteron ```
86
Aldosterone
increases Na uptake increases Na/K ATPase increases NKCC1 increases permeability of Na channels in collecting duct
87
Natriuretic peptides goal
responds to hypervolemia | promotes Na excretion, reduces H2O reabsorption, decreases ECF
88
Natriuretic peptide function
constricts efferent arteriole, dilates afferent arteriole inhibits renin-angiotensin system (renin, ADH, Aldosterone) inhibits Na channels - NaCl reabsorption in collecting ducts

Histology (2 decks)

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