Renal Physiology Flashcards
movement of particles across membranes is driven by this
gradients
Lipid bilayer prevents movement of what two kinds of molecules
charged (Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++) Polar molecules (glucose)
Lipid bilayer allows crossing of what two kinds of molecules
Lipid soluble (antidiuretic, aldosterone) Small polar (H2O
Diffusion
movement of particles from high to low passively across the membrane without a transporter
Facilitated diffusion
“money maker”
moves particles from low to high across the membrane with a transporter
particles cannot cross without the transporter
two factors affect the rate of diffusion and facilitated diffusion
size of the gradient (larger = faster)
permeability of the membrane to the solute (more permeable/more pores = faster)
active transport
movement from low to high concentration, against electrochemical gradient requires ATP (converted to ADP by hydrolysis)
secondary active transport
movement from low to high concentration, against electrochemical gradient
requires potential energy generated by an active transporter
symport
cotransport in the same direction
facilitated by symporter
antiport
cotransport in opposite directions
facilitated by antiporter
osmosis
movement across a selectively permeable membrane
effective osmole
molecule will not cross the membrane, creates a concentration gradient
ineffective osmole
molecule will cross the membrane and will not create a concentration gradient
osmolarity
concentration of osmotically active things in a solution
Tonicity
concentration of effective osmoles (things that cause osmosis)
three types of tonicity
hypotonic: low effective osmolarity
hypertonic: high effective osmolarity
isotonic: same effective osmolarity
Gross morphology from exterior to interior
capsule, cortex, medulla, pyramid (base, apex, papillae), renal pelvis, hilus
contents of the nephron in the cortex
Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, some distal straight and distal convoluted
contents of the nephron in the medulla
loop of Henle, collecting ducts, some distal straight and distal convoluted tubule
what structures make up the renal corpuscle
afferent arteriole, macula densa, glomerulus (podocytes and pedicles), Bowman’s capsule, efferent arteriole
features of the efferent arteriole that increases the blood pressure in the glomerulus
small diameter, less stretchy
what components of podocytes/pedicles contribute to filtration apparatus in the glomerulus
walls of capillary, basement membrane (lamina rara interna, lamina densa, lamina rara externa), slit diaphragm
components of the proximal tubule that differentiate it’s function
microvili and apical canaliculi (increases surface area for absortpion)
lots of mitochondria (uses lots of ATP)
loop of Henle absorption
descending limb: H2O and Na/Cl
ascending limb: Na/Cl only