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Renal > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for regulating flow into the glomerulus?

A

The afferent arteriole

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2
Q

What is the role and function of the glomerulus?

A

Purpose is to form an ultrafiltrate of plasma

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3
Q

T/F: Negativly charged proteins are thus repelled and are unable to pass through it?

A

True

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4
Q

What two things stop proteins from filtering out into urine?

A 
Charge selective (negative charged proteins cant pass).
and Size selective (>50-100 angstroms can't pass).
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5
Q

GFR per day is how much?

A

180L/day

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6
Q

What percent of CO goes through kidneys?

A

20%

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7
Q

T/F: The vast majority of what is filtered is not reabsorbed?

A

False; it is mostly reabsorbed.

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8
Q

What are the four determinates of GFR?

A
  1. Ultrafiltration coefficient
  2. Oncotic pressure.
  3. Net hydraulic pressure.
  4. Capillary plasma flow rate.
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9
Q

Where is the vasa recta?

A

Deep in the medulla of the kidney. Where we actually finalize and concentrate into urine.

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10
Q

What does ultrafiltration coefficient depend on?

A
  1. Capillary permeability

2. Surface area available for filtration

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11
Q

T/F: the higher the flow through Bowman’s capsule, the greater the filtration?

A

True

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12
Q

Why does glomerular capillary filtration slow as plasma moves towards the end?

A

Because of an increase in oncotic pressure (as fluid is removed the protein concentration increases).

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13
Q

Where does maximal reabsorption take place?

A
  1. vasa recta

2. Peritubular plexi

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14
Q

At what systolic blood pressure does renal blood flow remain constant?

A

80-200mmHg

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15
Q

What two things allow the kidney to autoregulate?

A
  1. Constriction/dilation of precapillary sphincters in the afferent and efferent arterioles.
  2. Increased Na+ delivery to the macula densa will decrease GFR.
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16
Q

Why does increased Na+ to kidneys decrease GFR?

A

It tells the kidneys not to continue filtrating water out via urine.

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17
Q

What is the role of the macula densa?

A

It helps with autoregulation.

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18
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Located in the macula densa, these cells sense changes in Na+ and adjust GFR accordingly.

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19
Q

What substance do juxtaglomerular cells hold?

A

Renin

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20
Q

What cells do the macula densa stimulate to release renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells.

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21
Q

What is the definition of renal clearance?

A

The volume of plasma from which all of a given substance is removed per unit time in one pass through the kidney.

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22
Q

What is renal clearance if a substance is neither secreted nor reabsorbed?

A

Clearance is equal to GFR.

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23
Q

What is the renal clearance if a substance is completely reabsorbed?

A

The clearance is zero.

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24
Q

Excretion=

A

Filtration-Reabsorption+Secretion

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25
Q

What is an example of a substance that is completely reabsorbed (under normal conditions)?

A

Glucose

26
Q

If Clearance>GFR what happens to secretion/reabsorption?

A

There is a net secretion

27
Q

What is normal GFR?

A

125ml/min

28
Q

What is GFR in renal failure?

A

<12ml/min

29
Q

What three mechanisms are involved in reabsorption and secretion?

A
  1. Active transport
  2. Passive transport.
  3. Secondary active transport.
30
Q

What is Secondary active transport dependent on?

A

Proteins.

31
Q

What does secondary active transport actually transport?

A

Glucose, amino acids, ions, metabolites.

32
Q

What is Na= exchanged fro via secondary active transport?

A

H+ (hydrogen ion),

33
Q

Where is Na+ and HCO3 reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule and thick loop of henle.

34
Q

What happens once the active transport system is saturated?

A

Substance is spilled over into urine.

35
Q

What is it called when an active transport system is saturated?

A

Maximum transport rate (Tm) has been reached.

36
Q

How much glomerular filtrate is returned/ reabsorbed in to peritubular capillaries in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

65%

37
Q

How much is reabsorbed in the nephron loop?

A

25%.

38
Q

What are the four regions of the nephron?

A
  1. Proximal tubule
  2. Loop of Henle.
  3. Distale convoluted tubule
  4. Collecting ducts.
39
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule reabsorb?

A

Na+, Cl-, and Water

40
Q

T/F: Roughly 10% of glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

False: 100%

41
Q

Which area of nephron functions as the main reabsorptive area?

A

Proximal tubule.

42
Q

What substance is only located in the proximal tubule?

A

Carbonic anhydrase.

43
Q

All reabsorption in the proximal tubule is Hyperosmotic/iso-osmotic/hypo osmotic?

A

Iso-osmotic

44
Q

Where is the preferential site of HCO3 reabsorption?

A

PCT

45
Q

What is secreted in the proximal tubule?

A

Ammonia, organic bases, organic acids.

46
Q

What is being reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

Na, Cl, HCO3, K, H2O, glucose, amino acids.

47
Q

What is being secreted in the PCT?

A

H+. organic acids, organic bases.

48
Q

What are the distinct functional segments of Henle’s loop?

A
  1. Descending thin segment.
  2. Ascending thin segment
  3. Asecending thick segment.
49
Q

What is the most important segment of Henle’s loop?

A

Ascending Thick segment (TAL)

50
Q

What is the key feature of the TAL?

A

It is impermeable to water while solute is pumped out of the tubular fluid.

51
Q

The TAL is the target site of what medication?

A

Lasix (loop diuretics).

52
Q

What is another name for the TAL?

A

“Diluting segment of the nephron”

53
Q

What ion is only actively transported in the TAL?

A

Chloride

54
Q

The ultrafiltrate in the TAL is hypo or hypertonic?

A

Hypotonic (Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3, Mg are reabsorbed).

55
Q

Water permeability in the later distal tubule is controlled by what?

A

ADH (vasopressin).

56
Q

Does increased ADH make the distal tubule permeable or impermeable to water?

A

Permeable (permeability increases).

57
Q

In the distal tubule, what is responsible to movement of Na+ reabsorption or K+ secretion?

A

Aldosterone.

58
Q

What two cell types perform hydrogen and potassium regulation?

A
  1. Principal cells

2. Intercalated cells.

59
Q

Which type of cells are important for acid-base regulation in the distal tubules?

A

Intercalated cells.

60
Q

Why do loop diuretics effect Na/K/H2O?

A

Makes the loop of henle impermeable (which keeps water, K, and Na inside the tubule).

61
Q

What is the pressure gradient within the bowman’s capsule to create net diffusion?

A

10mmHg.

Renal (5 decks)

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