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Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for regulating flow into the glomerulus?

A

The afferent arteriole

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2
Q

What is the role and function of the glomerulus?

A

Purpose is to form an ultrafiltrate of plasma

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3
Q

T/F: Negativly charged proteins are thus repelled and are unable to pass through it?

A

True

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4
Q

What two things stop proteins from filtering out into urine?

A 
Charge selective (negative charged proteins cant pass).
and Size selective (>50-100 angstroms can't pass).
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5
Q

GFR per day is how much?

A

180L/day

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6
Q

What percent of CO goes through kidneys?

A

20%

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7
Q

T/F: The vast majority of what is filtered is not reabsorbed?

A

False; it is mostly reabsorbed.

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8
Q

What are the four determinates of GFR?

A
  1. Ultrafiltration coefficient
  2. Oncotic pressure.
  3. Net hydraulic pressure.
  4. Capillary plasma flow rate.
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9
Q

Where is the vasa recta?

A

Deep in the medulla of the kidney. Where we actually finalize and concentrate into urine.

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10
Q

What does ultrafiltration coefficient depend on?

A
  1. Capillary permeability

2. Surface area available for filtration

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11
Q

T/F: the higher the flow through Bowman’s capsule, the greater the filtration?

A

True

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12
Q

Why does glomerular capillary filtration slow as plasma moves towards the end?

A

Because of an increase in oncotic pressure (as fluid is removed the protein concentration increases).

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13
Q

Where does maximal reabsorption take place?

A
  1. vasa recta

2. Peritubular plexi

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14
Q

At what systolic blood pressure does renal blood flow remain constant?

A

80-200mmHg

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15
Q

What two things allow the kidney to autoregulate?

A
  1. Constriction/dilation of precapillary sphincters in the afferent and efferent arterioles.
  2. Increased Na+ delivery to the macula densa will decrease GFR.
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16
Q

Why does increased Na+ to kidneys decrease GFR?

A

It tells the kidneys not to continue filtrating water out via urine.

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17
Q

What is the role of the macula densa?

A

It helps with autoregulation.

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18
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Located in the macula densa, these cells sense changes in Na+ and adjust GFR accordingly.

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19
Q

What substance do juxtaglomerular cells hold?

A

Renin

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20
Q

What cells do the macula densa stimulate to release renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells.

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21
Q

What is the definition of renal clearance?

A

The volume of plasma from which all of a given substance is removed per unit time in one pass through the kidney.

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22
Q

What is renal clearance if a substance is neither secreted nor reabsorbed?

A

Clearance is equal to GFR.

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23
Q

What is the renal clearance if a substance is completely reabsorbed?

A

The clearance is zero.

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24
Q

Excretion=

A

Filtration-Reabsorption+Secretion

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25
What is an example of a substance that is completely reabsorbed (under normal conditions)?
Glucose
26
If Clearance>GFR what happens to secretion/reabsorption?
There is a net secretion
27
What is normal GFR?
125ml/min
28
What is GFR in renal failure?
<12ml/min
29
What three mechanisms are involved in reabsorption and secretion?
1. Active transport 2. Passive transport. 3. Secondary active transport.
30
What is Secondary active transport dependent on?
Proteins.
31
What does secondary active transport actually transport?
Glucose, amino acids, ions, metabolites.
32
What is Na= exchanged fro via secondary active transport?
H+ (hydrogen ion),
33
Where is Na+ and HCO3 reabsorption take place?
Proximal tubule and thick loop of henle.
34
What happens once the active transport system is saturated?
Substance is spilled over into urine.
35
What is it called when an active transport system is saturated?
Maximum transport rate (Tm) has been reached.
36
How much glomerular filtrate is returned/ reabsorbed in to peritubular capillaries in the proximal convoluted tubule?
65%
37
How much is reabsorbed in the nephron loop?
25%.
38
What are the four regions of the nephron?
1. Proximal tubule 2. Loop of Henle. 3. Distale convoluted tubule 4. Collecting ducts.
39
What does the distal convoluted tubule reabsorb?
Na+, Cl-, and Water
40
T/F: Roughly 10% of glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT?
False: 100%
41
Which area of nephron functions as the main reabsorptive area?
Proximal tubule.
42
What substance is only located in the proximal tubule?
Carbonic anhydrase.
43
All reabsorption in the proximal tubule is Hyperosmotic/iso-osmotic/hypo osmotic?
Iso-osmotic
44
Where is the preferential site of HCO3 reabsorption?
PCT
45
What is secreted in the proximal tubule?
Ammonia, organic bases, organic acids.
46
What is being reabsorbed in the PCT?
Na, Cl, HCO3, K, H2O, glucose, amino acids.
47
What is being secreted in the PCT?
H+. organic acids, organic bases.
48
What are the distinct functional segments of Henle's loop?
1. Descending thin segment. 2. Ascending thin segment 3. Asecending thick segment.
49
What is the most important segment of Henle's loop?
Ascending Thick segment (TAL)
50
What is the key feature of the TAL?
It is impermeable to water while solute is pumped out of the tubular fluid.
51
The TAL is the target site of what medication?
Lasix (loop diuretics).
52
What is another name for the TAL?
"Diluting segment of the nephron"
53
What ion is only actively transported in the TAL?
Chloride
54
The ultrafiltrate in the TAL is hypo or hypertonic?
Hypotonic (Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3, Mg are reabsorbed).
55
Water permeability in the later distal tubule is controlled by what?
ADH (vasopressin).
56
Does increased ADH make the distal tubule permeable or impermeable to water?
Permeable (permeability increases).
57
In the distal tubule, what is responsible to movement of Na+ reabsorption or K+ secretion?
Aldosterone.
58
What two cell types perform hydrogen and potassium regulation?
1. Principal cells | 2. Intercalated cells.
59
Which type of cells are important for acid-base regulation in the distal tubules?
Intercalated cells.
60
Why do loop diuretics effect Na/K/H2O?
Makes the loop of henle impermeable (which keeps water, K, and Na inside the tubule).
61
What is the pressure gradient within the bowman's capsule to create net diffusion?
10mmHg.

Renal (5 decks)

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