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Renal > Body fluid compartments > Flashcards

Body fluid compartments Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 examples of daily intake of water?

A

Oral intake

Synthesized by body (oxidation of carbohydrates).

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2
Q

What are 4 examples of loss of body water?

A

Insensible loss.
Sweat loss.
Loss in feces.
Loss by kidneys.

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3
Q

What percent of total body weight is typically water in a 70kg man?

A

60%

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4
Q

What are examples of transcellular fluids in the body?

A

Synovial.
Peritoneal
Pericardial
Intraocular.

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5
Q

Why does there tend to be more cations in the plasma?

A

Donnan Effect.

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6
Q

Fluid distribution between interstitial and plasma is controlled by what two things?

A

Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the capillary membrane.

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7
Q

Fluid distribution between intracellular and extraceullar compartments is controlled by what mechanism?

A

It is determined mainly by the osmotic effect of smaller solutes (especially sodium and chloride.)

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8
Q

What is the rate of osmosis?

A

The rate of diffusion of water across a membrane.

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9
Q

T/F: Osmole is the term that refers to the # of particles in solution?

A

True

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10
Q

Osmolality formula?

A

Osmoles/kg of water.

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11
Q

Osmolarity formula?

A

Osmoles/liter of solution (easier to express this way).

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12
Q

T/F Van Hoff’s Law says that osmotic pressure of a solution is inversely proportional to the concentration of osmotically active particles

A

False; it is proportional

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13
Q

A 1 mOsm gradient provides how much osmotic pressure?

A

19.3 mmHg

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14
Q

What percentage of total osmolarity in the interstitial fluid and plasma is due to sodium and chloride ions?

A

80%

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15
Q

What are 4 conditions that cause hyponatremia?

A

Diarrhea/vomitting.
Diuretic abuse.
Addison’s disease.
Excess water retention (ADH).

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16
Q

What are 4 conditions that cause hypernatremia?

A

Lack of ADH.
Diabetes insipidus.
Dehydration.
Aldosterone secretion.

17
Q

How does Addison’s disease cause a Na+ disturbance?

A

Results in decreased secretion of aldosterone which causes the kidney to not be able to reabsorb sodium.

18
Q

Primary loss of water from the extracellular fluid results in what two things?

A

Hypernatremia and dehydration.

19
Q

What is nephogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

A condition where the kidneys cannot not respond to antidiuretic hormone.

20
Q

Hypernatremia stimulates what two things which help protect the body from large increase in plasma and extracellular fluid sodium?

A

Intense thirst and secretion of ADH

21
Q

In what compartment does edema typically take place?

A

Extracellular fluid compartment.

22
Q

What are the two general causes of extracellular edema?

A
  1. Abnormal leakage from plasma. 2. Lymphatic failure to return fluids to blood
23
Q

What three things cause abnormal leakage from plasma?

A
  1. increase capillary filtration coefficient.
  2. Increased capillary hydostatic pressure.
  3. Decrease plasma colloid osmotic pressure.
24
Q

One of the most important causes of decreased plasma protein concentration is loss of proteins in the urine in certain kidney diseases, a condition referred to as what?

A

Nephrotic syndrome.

25
Q

In the presence of heart failure, low blood flow to the kidneys results in what?

A

Stimulates secretion of renin which causes increased formation of angiotensin II, and increased secretion of aldosterone.

26
Q

Ultimately, what does increased angiotensin II and aldosterone do?

A

Causes further salt and water retention by the kidneys.

27
Q

What are the three “safety factors” that prevent edema?

A
  1. Low interstitial compliance.
  2. Ability to increase lymphatic drainage.
  3. “Wash down” of interstitial fluid proteins (as lymphatic flow increases, proteins are washed away).
28
Q

What percent of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

A

22%

29
Q

Are the kidneys high oxygen extractors/low extractors and are they high blood flow/low blood flow organs?

A

Low oxygen and high flow.

30
Q

What part of the kidney has the highest oxygen metabolism?

A

Renal cortex

31
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

32
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical.

2. Juxtamedullary.

33
Q

Which of the two types of nephrons plays the biggest role in concentrating urine.?

A

Juxtamedullary

34
Q

Which of the two types of nephrons is more numerous?

A

Cortical 7:1

35
Q

T/F: The loop of henle has a thick descending limb and a thin ascending limb?

A

False: Thin descending and thick ascending

36
Q

What is normal plasma osmolarity?

A

280ish

37
Q

What fraction of fluid is located intracellularly?

Extracellularly?

A

Intracellularly=2/3

Extracellularly=1/3

Renal (5 decks)

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