Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 2 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

expanded upper portion of ureter

divided into major calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

major calyces

A

subdivisions of renal pelvis

divide into minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

minor calyces

A

subdivisions of major calyces into which renal papillae discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Urter

A

conveys urine from the kidney into the bladder by peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bladder

A

stores the urine, discharges it to the urethra

anatomically unlikely to have reflex into ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

voiding

A

when the bladder discharges urine into urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

urethra

A

conveys urine from bladder for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kidneys are from ___ to ___ (vertebrae)

A

retroperitoneal

T12 - L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many lobes?

A

8-18 lobes

ea. has nephron capped by pyramids that drain into renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

kidney major division

A

outer cortex

inner medulla (renal pyramids and columns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Three basic functions

A
  1. excretes waste products of food metabolism
  2. Regulate mineral and water balance
  3. specialized cells to produce erythropoietin and rennin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Waste products secreted by the kidney

A

CO2, H20 (end products of fat and carb metabolism, also lungs,GI)

urea and other acids (end products of metabolism only kidneys can excrete)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the kidney regulate mineral and H20 Balance? (general?)

A

excrete and conserves excess minerals and water ingested when required

internal environment is really determine by what kidneys retain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

renin fnx

A

regulates blood pressure

activates RAAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

erythropoietin

A

regulates RBC production in marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

millions in the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

contents of the nephron

A

glomerulus

proximal and distal convoluted tubule

loop of henle

collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glomerulus

A

tuft of blood vessels supplied to nephron by afferent arteriole and drained by efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 layered system of glomerulus

A

filters material to urine

inner

middle

outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mesangial cells

A

contractile phagocytic cells that hold the capillary tuft together

regulate caliber of capillaries affecting filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inner glomerulus is lined by the

A

fenestrated capillary endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

middle glomerulus has the

A

glomerular basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

outer glomerulus

A

capillary endothelial cells (foot processes and filtration slits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

afferent or efferent article has larger diameter?

A

afferent

blood flows thru glomerulus under high pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
path from glomerular capillaries
thru fenestrations --> bowman's space
26
what makes the glomerular capillaries unique
larger fenestrations than other capillaries everything gets thru to capillary lumen
27
glomerular basement membrane
- found in the middle glomerulus - acellular meshwork of collagen fibers, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides - has aquaphorin water channels - basis of pathophysiology is alteration of structure or fxn to let protein and RBCs through
28
size of pores on GBM
small restricts the size of filtered particles
29
aquaphorin water channels
found in GBM provide rapid filtration of water
30
substances that are filtered from the blood are controlled by the
glomerular basement membrane "you are what your kidneys filter"
31
pathophysiology of glomerular disease have a basis in
alteration of GBM structure or function allows proteins and RBCs through SOME are caused by mesangial cell hyperplasia or increased mesangial matrix
32
After the GBM, trace the path thru the kidney
Bowmans capsule --> Proximal convoluted tubule --> descending loop of Henle --> ascending loop of henle --> distal convoluted tubule --> collecting ducts
33
GFR of a healthy kidney
125 mL/min basis for determination of CKD
34
GFR is regulated by the tone of
Afferent and Efferent arterioles
35
proximal convoluted tubule anatomy
villous structures to increase surface area rich in mitochondria (supply ATP for pumps to reabsorb molecules)
36
Electrolyte absorption in proximal convoluted tubule
water and urea (passive reabsorption) NA, PO4, Ca, K, Cl (active reabsorbed) Glucose, amino acids (active reabsorbed) H and K actively secreted into ultra filtrate
37
descending loop of Henle (electrolyte)
reabsorbs water imp. role in urine concentration
38
ascending loop of henle (electrolyte)
impermeable to water solute absorption Na+, K+, Cl-
39
what class of drugs work on the ascending loop of henle
Loop diuretics prevention of ion reabsorption (esp. K) therefore, water stays in
40
Distal convoluted tubule (electrolyte)
relatively impermeable to water NaCL is absorbed here main site for Ca++ absorption (PTH active site)
41
what class of drugs work on the distal convoluted tubule
Thiazide diuretics block Ca and NaCl reabsorption to increase water removal
42
late distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts (electrolytes)
absorb water reabsorb HCO3, Na, Cl excretes H+ and most K+ (most common place) Aldosterone works here
43
What class of drugs work on the late distal convoluted tubule
aldosterone agonists
44
how much of the GFR is actually excreted as urine?
1 mL so 60 mL/hr
45
osmoreceptors
monitor serum osmolarity in hypothalamus stimulate ADH secretion as osmolality rises
46
ADH on the kidney (general)
kidney is able to maintain osmotic balance of serum by absorbing more or less water from ultrafiltrate
47
Kidney blood flow
20-25% of cardiac output large amount of blood despite a small amount of tissue
48
sympathetic nervous system on kidney
very responsive catecholamines cause substantial decrease in renal blood flow by constricting afferent and efferent arterials
49
vasodilators that maintain renal blood flow
NO, dopamine, prostaglandins (NSAIDS inhibit prostaglandins) keep the blood supply open to maintain the blood flow
50
autoregulation
maintenance of renal perfusion process that allows kidney to have direct control over afferent and efferent arteriolar tone
51
how does the kidney regulate the blood flow?
activation of the RAAS and other if it feels like it is not getting enough, will increase BP to cause problem everywhere else
52
two things that would stimulate RAAS activation
1. hypotension | 2. low Na/onchotic
53
pump failure
effective circulation volume the heart pumps less bc more resistance, heart gets stressed out and there is a loss of perfusion heart failure causes hypotension bc the pump to move blood around is in failure kidney will fail bc it is calling for more from the heart and the heart can't deliver
54
reasons for low onchotic levels
1. losing protein (GBM/capillary don't keep it) | 2. can't make protein (liver dx)
55
low onchotic levels and kidney failure
no chemical pressure to keep it in, goes out into 3rd space causing a drop in pressure (BP and perfusion) no solute to pull water into kidney, water then 3rd spaces cure: fix underlying dx processes (liver dx, severe malnutrition, etc.)
56
BP meds that work on kidney
ACE inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blockers direct renin inhibitors aldosterone agonists can be nephroproteictive
57
ACE inhibitors
PRILS prevent cleavage of angiotensin to angiotensin 2 block vasoconstriction and rest of cascade
58
ARBs
divan/Valsartan block angiotensin 2
59
Direct renin inhibitor
rare stops renin release
60
Kidney is responsible for elimination:
1. Sodium 2. Potassium 3. Urea 4. Uric Acid 5. Drugs
61
sodium removal
dependent upon aldosterone urine can contain as much as 40g/day to as little as none disfunction here is not as big a deal bc water follows sodium
62
potassium removal
kidney is a major site of K exertion renal failure or lack of aldosterone can lead to toxic levels of potassium in blood can cause cardiac arrhythmia
63
urea elimination
end product of protein metabolism filtered in glomerulus and reabsorbed in tubule longer it sits, more is absorbed (increases BUN)
64
BUN increased by
urea sitting in the tubule dehydration high protein diet: kidney has a cap on how much it can do GI bleed: digestion of blood causes increase in protein absorption and again kidney is unable to get rid
65
uric acid elimination
product of purine metabolism can cause gout if blood levels are high, renal calculi if filtrate concentrations are high
66
drugs elimination
kidney is better at eliminating water soluble forms of medication (this is aided by liver metabolism in some medications) changing PH of uric can increase elimination
67
urea reabsorption
we absorb Urea down its concentration gradient in the proximal convoluted tubule this means that we will never get rid of it all, it only does this when it needs to
68
urologist
physician who cares for the urethra, bladder, and ureters surgeons of the urinary tract
69
nephrologist
doctor for kidneys expert in acid base disorder, water/sodium and electrolyte disorders and hypertension specialist supervise dialysis

KCSU17 Patho/Pharm Submodule 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions