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[PHY2] 2ND SHIFT > Renal Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Renal Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

VR

  1. NaCl reabsorption
  2. Mg, Ca, K reabsorbed
A

A: Increase in 1 will Increase 2

Due to Solvent Drag. H2O follows NaCl, and carries w it Mg, Ca & K

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2
Q

VR

  1. Na Reabsorption
  2. Cl Reabsorption
A

A: Increase in 1 will Increase 2

Na enters (+) = positive cell attracts negative = Cl follows (–). Also due to chloride concentration gradient

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3
Q

QC

Sodium Reabsorption
1. Thin Descending
2. Thin Ascending

A

B: 1 < 2

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4
Q

QC

Water Reabsorption
1. Thin Descending
2. Thin Ascending

A

A: 1 > 2

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5
Q

QC

Density of Mitochondria
1. Thin Ascending
2. Thick Ascending

A

B: 1 < 2

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6
Q

VR

  1. Loop Diuretics
  2. Sodium and Water Reabsorption
A

B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

Loop Diuretics increase sodium & water excretion

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7
Q

QC

Sodium and Water Reabsorption
1. NKCC2 Inhibition
2. NKCC2 Activation

A

B: 1 < 2

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8
Q

QC

Sodium & Water Excretion
1. NKCC2 Inhibition
2. NKCC2 Activation

A

A: 1 > 2

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9
Q

QC

Luminal Osmolarity
1. Proximal Tubule
2. Loop of Henle

A

A: 1 < 2

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10
Q

QC

Hypokalemic Effect
1. Thiazide Diuretics
2. Loop Diuretics

A

B: 1 < 2

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11
Q

QC

Glucose
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

A: 1 > 2

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12
Q

QC

Creatinine
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

B: 1 < 2

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13
Q

QC

HCO3-
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

A: 1 > 2

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14
Q

Urea:
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

C: 1 = 2

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15
Q

K+:
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

A: 1 > 2

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16
Q

Cl:
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

A: 1 > 2

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17
Q

Na+:
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

A: 1 > 2

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18
Q

Secretion:
1. Proximal Convuluted Tubule
2. Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

B: 1 < 2

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19
Q

Route with channels or transporters

A

Transcellular Route

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20
Q

Route through tight junctions

A

Paracellular Route

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21
Q

Water and electrolye absorption
1. Proximal Convulated Tubule
2. Distal Convulated Tubule

A

A: 1 > 2

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22
Q
  1. Sodium Reabsorption
  2. Water Reabsorption
A

**A: **Increase in 1 will Inccrease 2

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23
Q

Glucose Reabsorption
1. SGLT1
2. SGLT2

A

B: 1 < 2
10% < 90%

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24
Q

VR

  1. Na+ in Tubular Cells
  2. H+ in Tubular Cells
A

A: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

as Na goes in = H goes out

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25
Q

VR

  1. Na+ Reabsorption
  2. Amino Acid Reabsorption

This is via what transport

A

A: Increase in 1 will Increase 2

Sodium-Amino Acid Symporter
Sodium In = Amino Acid In

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26
Q

VR

  1. Na+ Reabsorption
  2. Phosphate, Lactate, & Citrate Reabsorption

Name of Transporter

remember PLC

A

A: Increase in 1 will Increase 2

Sodium-Phosphate / Lactate/ Citrate Transporters

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27
Q

Occurence of Glucosuria
1. 160 mg/dL of Glucose
2. 190 mg/dL of Glucose

A

1 < 2

>180 glucose = glucosuria

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28
Q

QC

Glucose Reabsorption
1. 150 mg/dL of Glucose
2. 190 mg/dL of Glucose

A

A: 1 > 2

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29
Q

Reabsorption happening in the Late PCT

A

Na+ with Cl reabsorption
Na enters = positive inside => Cl will follow

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30
Q

NaCl Reabsorption
1. Trancellular
2. Paracellular

A

1 > 2

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31
Q

Passive Reabsorption of Na+
1. Thin Ascending
2. Thick Ascending

A

A: 1 > 2

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32
Q

Driving force for water reabsorption in the Prox. CT

A

Transtubular Osmotic Gradient

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33
Q
  • Transcellular water reabsorprion in the PCT is via
  • Paracellular water reabsorption in the PCT is via
A
  • Transcellular: AQP1 Channels
  • Paracellular: Tight Junctions
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34
Q

Loop of Henle’s 3 functionally distinct segments

A
  • Thin Descending L
  • Thin Ascending L
  • Thick Ascending L
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35
Q

T or F: In the Loop of Henle, NaCl reabsorption is followed by water

A

F. It is not followed

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36
Q

Percentage of NaCl and Water reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle

A

NaCl = 25%
Water 20%

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37
Q

AQP1
1. Thin Descending
2. Thin Ascending

A

1 > 2

Thin Ascending = impermeable to water

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38
Q

Osmolarity
1. Thin Descending
2. Thin Ascending

A

A: 1 > 2

Thin Descending - Solutes are not reabsorbed = high osmolarity

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39
Q

Density of Mitochondria
1. Thin Descending Limb
2. Thick Ascending Limb

A

1 < 2

TAL = more mitochondria due to active reabsorption processes

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40
Q
  1. Solute Reabsorption
  2. Luminal Osmolarity
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

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41
Q

Permeability to water
1. Thin Ascending Limb
2. Thick Ascending Limb

A

C:1 = 2

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42
Q

Main diluting segment of the nephron

A

Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle

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43
Q

VR

  1. Reabsorption of Solutes
  2. Osmolarity
A

B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

Reabsorption = Less Solute in the Tubules = Less Osmolarity

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44
Q

Active reabsorption of Na, Cl, and K
1. Thin Ascending Limb
2. Thick Ascending Limb

A

1 < 2

Ubos na yung Na from passive reab in Thin Ascending => need na ng pump

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45
Q

Loop Diuretics act on the Loop of Henle and inhibits __ @ the thick ascending limb
* Given Examples

A

NKCC2
Inhibits Sodium Potaasium and Cl
* Furosemide, Ethacrynic acid, Bumetanide

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46
Q
  1. Furosemide
  2. Hypokalemia
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

Furosemide = Loop Diuretic inhibits NKCC2

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47
Q
  1. Ethacrynic Acid
  2. NaCl Reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

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48
Q

Active Transporters in the Thick Ascending

A
  • NKCC2
  • NHE
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49
Q
  1. Loop Diuretics
  2. Urine Volume
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

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50
Q
  1. Loop Diuretics
  2. K+ Levels
A

B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

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51
Q

Active Transporter in the Early Distal Tubule

A

NCC

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52
Q

Presence of ADH
1. AQP1
2. AQP2

A

1 < 2

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53
Q
  1. ADH
  2. AQP2
A

A: Increase in 1 will increase 2

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54
Q

Effects of Aldosterone to the Principal Cells

A

Stimulates
* Na reabsorption
* K secretion

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55
Q

Na in the principal cells of the DCT diffuse via the __

A

ENaC - Epithelial Sodium Channels

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56
Q

Substances that inhibit ENaC in the DCT

A
  • Amiloride
  • Triamterene
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57
Q

Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists inhibits __

A

Inhibits Aldosterone:
* Inhibit Na reabsorption and K secretion

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58
Q

AQP2 when person is:
1. Hydrated
2. Dehydrated

A

B: 1 < 2

Dehydrated = Water is more needed = more ADH= More AQP2 present

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59
Q
  1. Hydrated
  2. ADH
A

B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

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60
Q
  1. Hydrated
  2. AQP2
A

B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

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61
Q

Effect of ADH
1. AQP1
2. AQP2

A

B: 1 < 2

62
Q

AQP1 Density:
1. PCT
2. DCT

A

A: 1 > 2

63
Q

NKCC2 Density
1. PCT
2. DCT

A

A: 1 > 2

In the thick ascending Limb. NCC yung sa DCT

64
Q

NCC Density
1. PCT
2. DCT

A

A: 1 < 2
Prox = NKCC2

65
Q

Effects of ADH & Aldosterone in:
1. Early DCT
2. Late DCT

A

B: 1 < 2

66
Q

Effects of ADH & Aldosterone in:
1. Cortical Collecting Ducts
2. Late DCT

A

C: 1 = 2

67
Q

Alkalosis will stimulate:
1. Alpha Intercalated Cells
2. Beta Intercalated Cells

A

B: 1 < 2

Beta IC => Reabsorb H => Make blood more acidic and less basic

68
Q

Acidosis will stimulate:
1. Alpha Intercalated Cells
2. Beta Intercalated Cells

A

A: 1 > 2

Alpha IC => Secrete H => Make blood more basic and less acidic

69
Q

Stimulated by Aldosterone
1. Alpha Intercalated Cells
2. Beta Intercalated Cells

A

A: 1 > 2

70
Q

Amount of Na reabsorbed:
1. Proximal Tubule
2. Distal Tubule

A

A: 1 > 2

71
Q

Amount of Water Reabsorbed:
1. Proximal Tubule
2. Distal Tubule

A

A: 1 > 2

72
Q

Amount of water reabsorbed in the presence of ADH:
1. Proximal Tubule
2. Distal Tubule

A

A: 1 > 2

Mmore water reabsorption in the DCT with ADH but not as high as PCT

73
Q

Amount of Water Reabsorption:
1. Presence of ADH
2. Absence of ADH

A

A: 1 > 2

74
Q

Permeability to Water
1. Thin Descending
2. Thin Ascending

A

A: 1 > 2

75
Q

Permeability to Sodium
1. Thin Descending
2. Thick Ascending

A

B: 1 < 2

76
Q

Potassium Reabsorption
1. Thin Descending
2. Thick Ascending

A

B: 1 < 2

77
Q

Active Sodium Reabsorption
1. Thin Ascending
2. Thick Ascending

A

B: 1 < 2

78
Q

Permeability to water with ADH:
1. Early Distal Tubule
2. Late Distal Tubule

A

B: 1 < 2

79
Q

Na reabsorption through a symporter:
1. Early Distal Tubule
2. Late Distal Tubule

A

A: 1 > 2

EDT: NCC – symporter
LDT: ENac – channel only

80
Q

Permeability to Urea with ADH
1. CCD
2. MCD

CCD - Cortical CD; MCD - Medullary CD

A

B: 1 < 2

MCD – the only one permeable to urea

81
Q

Aldosterone Secreting Adrenal Cortex Tumor
1. Hyperkalemia
2. Hypokalemia

A

B: 1< 2

Increased Aldosterone = Increases K secretion not reabsorption

82
Q

Aldosterone Secreting Adrenal Cortex Tumor
1. Alkalosis
2. Acidosis

A

A: 1 > 2

Increased Aldosterone = Increased Secretion of H+ (acid) = basic

83
Q

Aldosterone Secreting Adrenal Cortex Tumor
1. Hypertension
2. Hypotension

A

A: 1 > 2

Increased Aldosterone = Increased Na & H2O reabsorp = increased BV

84
Q

Tubular reabsorption of water in a transcellular path is via

A

Aquaporins

85
Q

Tubular reabsorption of water in a paracellular path is via

A

tight junctions

86
Q
  • Side facing the tubular lumen
  • Side facing the interstitium and peritubular capillaries
  • On which side is the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps found
A
  • Apical/Luminal
  • Basolateral
  • Basolateral
87
Q

Na/K ATPase Pump creates a __ concentration and __ electrical potential

A

Low Intracellular Na+ concentration; Negative intracellular electrical potential

88
Q

Part that absorbs most water and electrolytes

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

89
Q

Site for secretions of organic acids and bases

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

90
Q

Transporters in the Luminal Side of the Early PCT

A
  • SGLT2 & SGLT 1
  • NHE
  • Sodium Amino Acid Symporter
  • Sodium-Phosphate, Lactate, Citrate Transporters

NHE - Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger

91
Q

Secondary active transport for glucose in the Early PCT
* explain mechanism

A

SGLT
* Sodium in = Glucose In: Glucose is transported using the gradient produced by Sodium

92
Q

Secondary Active Secretion for Hydrogen in the Early PCT
* describe mechanism

A

Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger
* Sodium In = Hydrogen Out: Active Secretion of H from inside the cell into the tubular lumen, coupled to Na reabsorption

93
Q

Where does the H ion secreted in the eartly PCT comes from?
(NHE)

A

H2O + CO2 => H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) => H2 + HCO3-
* H is Secreted
* HCO3 is reabsorbed

94
Q

Transporters in the Basolateral Side of the Early PCT

A
  • Na/K ATPase Pump
  • Glucose Transporters: GLUT 1 or 2
95
Q

GLUT is what type of transport
* GLUT 2 is found in __
* GLUT 1 is found in __

A

Passive: Facilitaed Diffusion
*High conc of glucose in the interstitial Cell => diffuse to the bloodstream
*
* GLUT 2 – S1 Segment
* GLUT 1 – S3 Segment

96
Q

What is the Max amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed into the tubular cells

A

180 mg/dL

97
Q
  1. Loop Diuretics
  2. Urine Volume
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

98
Q

Water Reabsorption in the Presence of ADH
1. PCT
2. DCT

A

1 > 2

99
Q

In the absence of ADH, can the distal convoluted tubule reabsorb water?

A

No gurl

100
Q

Border between the TALH and the Early Distal Tubule

A

Macula Densa

101
Q

Thiazide Diuretics inhibits __

A

NCC
Inhibit absorption of Na and Cl

102
Q

AKA the Aldosterone Sensitive Segment of the Nephron

A

Late Distal Tubule

103
Q

3 Cell types in the Late Distal Tubules and Cortical Collecting Ducts

A
  • Principal Cells
  • a intercalated cells
  • b intercalated cells
104
Q
  1. Amiloride
  2. Na reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

Amiloride = ENaC Blocker

105
Q
  1. Amiloride
  2. ENac
A

Increase in 1 will Decrese 2

106
Q
  1. Spirolactone
  2. K+ ions
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

107
Q
  1. Spirolactone
  2. Urine Concentration
A

Increase in 1 will Increase to

Na is not reabsorbed = concentrated urine

108
Q
  1. Spirolactone
  2. Urine Osmolarity
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

109
Q
  1. Spirolactone
  2. Aldosterone
A

Increase in 1 decrease 2

110
Q
  1. Spirolactone
  2. Hyperkalemia
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

111
Q

Processes in the a incarlated cells
* Secrete
* Reabsorb
* Stimulated by

A
  • Secrete H (H+/K+ ATPase)
  • Reabsorb HCO3 & K (H/KATPase)
  • Stimulated by Aldosterone
112
Q

a intercalated cells is mainly for

A

acid secretion

113
Q

Aldosterone in the a intercalated cells
1. Metabolic Alkalosis
2. Metabolic Acidosis

A

1 > 2

Aldosterone increases K & HCO3 reabsorption

114
Q

K+ Ions reabsorption in the presence of ADH in the
1. Principal Cells
2. a intercalated cells

A

1 < 2

Principal: ADH = K Secretion

115
Q

H+ reabsorption
1. a-intercalated
2. b-intercalated

A

1 < 2

B: increase H reabsorption; A: increase H secretion

116
Q
  1. Urea Reabsorption in the presence of ADH
  2. Urine Concentration
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

117
Q
  1. Tubular Load (Inflow)
  2. Reabsorption Rate
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

118
Q
  1. GFR
  2. Total Reabsorption Rate
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

119
Q
  1. Na in prox tubule
  2. Reabsorption rate
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

120
Q
  1. GFR
  2. Reabsorption Rate in Prox Tubule
A

C? Does not affect => kasi constant at 65% yung gfr absorbed sa pct?

121
Q

Reabsorption in the Peritubular Capillaries
1. Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Oncotic Pressure

A

1 < 2

Oncotic = fluid stays within = more time for reabsorption

122
Q
  1. BP
  2. Reabsorption Rate
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

123
Q
  1. Efferent Arteriole Constriction/Resistance (Moderate)
  2. Reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

124
Q
  1. Albumin
  2. Reabsorption Rate
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

125
Q
  1. Filtration Fraction
  2. Reabsorption Rate
A

Increase in 1 willl Increase 2

126
Q
  1. Renal Blood Flow
  2. Reabsorption Rate
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2 ??

127
Q
  1. Reduced Effective Circulating Video (Low BP/BV)
  2. Aldosterone Secretion
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

128
Q
  1. Low BP or BV
  2. Na Reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will increase 2

129
Q
  1. K Levels
  2. Aldosterone
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

130
Q
  1. Decreased BP & BV
  2. Na and H2O reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

131
Q
  1. Decreased BP
  2. Angiotensin II release
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

132
Q
  1. Low BP
  2. Aldosterone Secretion
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

133
Q
  1. Low BP
  2. Peripheral Vasoconstriction
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

to increase gfr

134
Q
  1. Low BP
  2. Peripheral Vasoconstriction
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

to increase gfr

135
Q
  1. ADH
  2. Vasoconstriction
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

136
Q
  1. BP/BV
  2. Atrial Natiriuretic Hormone
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

137
Q
  1. BP/BV
  2. Na reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

138
Q
  1. BP/BV
  2. Urine Output
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

139
Q
  1. Moderate Sympathetic Activation
  2. Renin Release
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

140
Q
  1. High Sympathetic Activation
  2. Reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

141
Q
  1. Sympathetic NS activation in physiologic levels
  2. reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

142
Q
  1. Plasma Osmolarity
  2. ADH Secretion
  3. Water Reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2 and 3

to increase water content

143
Q

Plasma Osmolarity
1. Hydrated Person
2. Dehydrated Person

A

1 < 2

144
Q

Urine Osmolarity
1. Hydrated Person
2. Dehydrated Person

A

1 < 2

145
Q

ADH Secretion
1. Hyperoxia
2. Hypoxia

A

I < 2

146
Q

ADH Secretion
1. Hypertension
2. Hypotension

A

1 < 2

147
Q

ADH Secretion
1. Morphine
2. Clonidine

A

1 > 2

148
Q

ADH Secretion
1. Nicotine
2. Alcohol

A

1 > 2

149
Q

Urine Concentration
1. Nicotine
2. Alcohol

A

1 > 2

150
Q

Urine Concentration
1. Morphine
2. Clonidine

A

1 > 2

151
Q
  1. ECF Osmolarity
  2. Thirst Receptors
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

[PHY2] 2ND SHIFT (6 decks)

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