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[PHY2] 2ND SHIFT > Renal Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Renal Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Origin of:
* Urea
* Creatinine
* Uric Acid
* Bilirubin

A
  • Urea: Amino Acids
  • Creatinine: Creatine Phosphate
  • Uric Acid: Nucleic Acid
  • Bilirubin: Hemoglobin
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2
Q

Creatinine Levels
1. Elderly Patients
2. Young Patients

A

1 < 2

Low Creatinine Levels in the elderly

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3
Q
  1. Liver Malfunction
  2. Creatinine
A

Increase in 1 will Increase in 2

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4
Q
  1. Sodium Intake
  2. Renal Excretion
A

Increase in 1 will increase 2

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5
Q

In renal failure, there is a tendency for __ due to impairment in excretion by the kidneys

A

Hyperkalemia
Potassium is not secreted by the impaired kidneys

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6
Q
  1. K+ Ions
  2. Arrhythmia
A

Increase in 1 will increase 2

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7
Q
  1. Na+ Concentration
  2. Sensorium derangement in CNS
A

Increase in one will decrease 2

Hyponatremia causes derangement of sensorium in the CNS

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8
Q

Long Term Regulation of BP
1. Na+ & H2O secretion
2. RAAS

RAAS - Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A

1 > 2

Short term si Renin

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9
Q

In regulating acid-base balance the kidneys:
* Excrete __
* Reabsorb __

A
  • Excretes Acid
  • Reabsorb Bicarbonate
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10
Q

RBC Production
1. Hyperoxia
2. Hypoxia

A

1 < 2

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11
Q
  1. CO2
  2. RBC Production
A

Increase in 1 will increase 2

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12
Q

Erythropoietin Production
1. Hyperoxia
2. HYpoxia

A

1 < 2

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13
Q

Erythropoietin Production
1. Non Smoker Patient
2. Smoker Patient

A

1 < 2

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14
Q

Why is a smoker patient more prone to stroke?

A

Smoking = More CO2 and Less O2 (Hypoxia) = Increased RBC Production = Blood becomes more viscous = stroke

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15
Q
  1. Kidney Diseases
  2. RBC Production
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

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16
Q
  1. 1,25 - dihydroxyvitamin D3
  2. Ca+ Reabsorption by the GIT
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

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17
Q

Site of urine collection from each pyramid

A

Papilla

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18
Q

Pathway of renal blood flow

A

Renal a => Interlobar a => Arcuate a => Interlobular a +> Afferent at => Glomerular Capillaries => Efferent at => PTC => vv

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19
Q

Pressure in
1. Glomerular C
2. Peritubular C

A

1 > 2
60 > 13

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20
Q

Filtration
1. Glomerular C
2. Peritubular C

A

1 > 2

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21
Q

Reabsorption
1. GLomerular C
2. Peritubular C

A

1 < 2

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22
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure can be regulated by the kidneys by adjusting the __

A

Resistance of the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles

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23
Q

Pathway of Urine within the nephron

A

Glomerulus (bowman’s capsule) => PCT (cortex) => Loop of Henle (Dips into Medulla) => Macula Densa => DCT => CCT => MCD => Renal Papillae => Renal Pelvis

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24
Q

Length of Loops of Henle
1. Cortical Nephron
2. Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

1 < 2

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25
Q

Density of Nephrons
1. Cortical
2. Juxtamedullary

A

1 > 2

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26
Q

Give the blood supply of the following
* Cortical N
* Juxtamedullary N

A
  • Cortical: Peritubular Capillaries
  • Juxtamedullary: Vasa Recta
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27
Q

Part of the bladder that initiates micturition reflex

A

Posterior Urethra

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28
Q

Contraction of __ is a major step in emptying

A

Detrusor muscle

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29
Q

Principal nerve supply of the bladder
* connects w which SC segments through which plexus

A

Pelvic Nerves
* connects with S2 - S4 through the Sacral P

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30
Q

sensory receptors of the pelvic nerves detect the –

A

degree of stretch (mostly of the posterior urethra)

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31
Q

Efferent fibers of the pelvic nerves are what type of fibers
* innervate the –

A

Parasympathetic fibers
* innervate the detrusor m to contract the bladder for urination

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32
Q

Which nerve is inhibited to relax the External Bladder Sphincter => urination
* type of fibers and origin of this nerve

A

Pudendal Nerve
* Skeletal Motor Fibers from s1 - s4

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33
Q

Sympathetic nerves are received by the bladder through which nerve?
* connects with which segment of the spinal cord
* This is mainly for –

A

Hypogastric n
* connects with L2
* For Vasoconstriction

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34
Q

Sensory fibers that also pass through the sympathetic nerves are responsible for

A

Sensation of Fullness and Pain

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34
Q

Pelvic nerves (parasympathetics) innervation

A
  • Sensory: Degree of Stretch of the Pos Urethra
  • Motor: Contraction of bladder (detrusor m)
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35
Q
  1. Presence of Ureteral Stone
  2. Urine Output

Same side lang

A

Increase in 1 will decrease 2

if not same side na ureter and kidney C ang sagot

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36
Q
  1. Presence of Ureteral Stone
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will decrease 2

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37
Q

Creatinine
1. Filtration Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1 = 2
Filtration only

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38
Q

Urea
1. Filtration Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1 = 2

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39
Q

Uric Acid
1. Filtration Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1 = 2

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40
Q

NaCl
1. Filtration Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1 > 2
Partial Reabsorption

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41
Q

Bicarbonate
1. Filtration Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1 > 2
Partial Reabsorption

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42
Q

Amino Acids
1. Reabsorption Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1 > 2
Complete Reabsorption

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43
Q

Glucose
1. Reabsorption Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1>2
Complete Reabsorption

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44
Q

Organic acids and bases
1. Reabsorption Rate
2. Excretion Rate

A

1 < 2
No reabsorption, just secretion and excretion

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45
Q

Foreign Substances
1. Reabsorption Rate
2. Secretion Rate

A

1 < 2

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46
Q

Drugs
1. Reabsorption
2. Secretion

A

1 < 2

47
Q

The rate at which substances are excreted in the urine depends on which processes

A
  • Filtration
  • Secretion
  • Reabsorption
48
Q

Excess Na+
1. Reabsorption
2. Excretion

A

1 < 2

49
Q

Plasma volume

A

3L

50
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

180 L/day

51
Q

Micturition Reflex
* Stimulus:
* Afferent:
* Efferent:

A
  • Stimulus: Stretch of the bladder wall (pos. urethra)
  • Afferent: Sacral Nerves to S2 - S4
  • Efferent: PNS fibers of the Sacral Nerves
52
Q

Micturition centers in the brain

A
  1. Brainstem - Pons
  2. Cerebral Cortec
53
Q

Facilitative and inhibitory centers of micturition

A

Brainstem - Pons

54
Q

Mainly inhibitory but can be excitatory centers of micturition

A

Cerebral Cortex

55
Q

Higher Centers control micturation by: (3)

A
  1. Partially inhibiting micturation reflex
  2. Prevent micturation by tonic contraction of external us
  3. Inhibit external us to initiate micturation when proper time comes
56
Q

Inhibition of this nerve to elicit urination

A

Pudendal Nerve

57
Q

Composition of Glomerular Filtrate

A
  • Protein Free
  • Devoid of Cellular Elements (RBC)
  • Without Ca+ and Fatty Acids
58
Q

Structures in the Glomerular Capillary that is richly endowed w fixed negative charges that repel the passage of plasma proteins
* These found on which specific layers of the capillary?

A
  • Fenestrae - Endothelium
  • Proteoglycan Fibrilae - Basement Membrane
  • Slit Pores - Epithelial cells/Podocytes
59
Q
  1. Size of Solutes
  2. Filterability of Solutes
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

60
Q
  1. Plasma Proteins
  2. Glomerular Filtration
A

Increase in 1 will decrease 2

61
Q

Filterability in the Glomerular Capillary
1. Sodium
2. Myoglobin

A

1 > 2

62
Q

Filterability
1. Glucose
2. Albumin

A

1 > 2

63
Q

Filterability
1. Glucose
2. Inulin

A

1 = 2

64
Q

Arrange the following acc to molecular size
* glucose
* water
* Albumin
* inulin
* myoglobin
* sodium

A
  1. water
  2. Sodium
  3. Glucose
  4. Inulin
  5. Myoglobin
  6. Albumin
65
Q

Filtration of equal molecular size
1. Positive Charge
2. Negative Charge

A

1 > 2

66
Q

Filtration
1. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

A

1 > 2

67
Q

FIltration
1. Glomerular Oncotic Pressure
2. Bowman’s Capusle Oncotic Pressure

A

1 < 2

68
Q
  1. Bowman’s Hydrostatic Pressure
  2. Filtration
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

69
Q

Compute for the net filtration pressure
Glomerular Hydrostatic: 60
Bowman’s Colloid Osmotic: 0
Bowman’s Hydrostatic: 18
Glomerular Colloid Osmotic: 32

A

Glomerular H - Bowmans H - Glomerular O + Bowman’s O
60 – 18 – 32 + 0 = +10 mmHg

70
Q
  1. Kf
  2. GFR

Glomerular Capillary Filtration Coefficient = Kf

A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

71
Q
  1. Density of Functional Glomerular Capillaries
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

1 increases Kf = increase in 2

72
Q
  1. Thickness of the Glomerular Capillary Membrane
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

1 decreases Kf = decreased 2

73
Q
  1. Thickness of the Glomerular Capillary Membrane
  2. Kf
A

Increase in 1 will Decreas 2

74
Q
  1. Hydraulic Conductivity
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

decrease in 1 = low Kf = low gfr

75
Q
  1. Hydraulic Conductivity
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

decrease in 1 = low Kf = low gfr

76
Q
  1. Diabetes
  2. Kf and GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

77
Q
  1. Hypertension
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

78
Q
  1. Kidney Stone obstruction
  2. Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

79
Q
  1. Kidney Stones obstruction
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

Due to increase in bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

80
Q
  1. Arterial Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

Due to increase in glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

81
Q
  1. Filtration Fraction
  2. Glomerular Capillary Oncotic Pressure
A

Increase in 1 will Increase in 2

82
Q
  1. Filtration Fraction
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

increase in 1 will increase glomerular oncotic pressure = increase 2

83
Q
  1. Renal Plasma Flow
  2. FF
A

Increase in 1 will decrease 2

decreased renal plasma flow will increase ff

84
Q
  1. Renal Plasma Flow
  2. Glomerular Oncotic Pressure
A

Increase in 1 will decrease 2

malakas ang flow = less filtrate = low 2

85
Q
  1. Renal Plasma Flow
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

86
Q
  1. Arterial BP
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

Increase 1 = increased glomerular hydrostatic p = high gfr

87
Q
  1. Afferent Arteriolar Resistance
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

u constrict the entrance so wala makapasok = nothing to filter

88
Q

GFR during
1. Highly constricted efferent arteriole
2. Moderately constricted efferent arteriole

A

1 < 2

2 = increased GC hydrostatic p = increase in GFR

89
Q
  1. Highly constricted efferent arteriole
  2. GC Colloid Osmotic P
A

Increase in 1 will increase 2

constricted = low plasma flow = increased 2

90
Q
  1. Highly constricted efferent arteriole
  2. FF
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

constricted = low plasma flow = increased 2

91
Q
  1. Afferent Arteriole Dilation
  2. Hydrostatic Pressure
  3. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2 and 3

92
Q
  1. Efferent Arteriole Dilation
  2. Hydrostatic Pressure
  3. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2 and 3

93
Q
  1. Efferent Arteriole Constriction
  2. Hydrostatic Pressure
  3. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2 and 3

94
Q
  1. Efferent Arteriole Constriction
  2. Renal Blood Flow
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

95
Q
  1. ATP Production
  2. Sodium Reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

96
Q
  1. O2 consumption
  2. Sodium Reabsorption
A

Increase in 1 will increase 2
ATP is needed for Na reabsorption = O2 is needed for ATP synthesis

97
Q
  1. Pressure Gradient
  2. RBF
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

98
Q
  1. Total Renal Vascular Resistance
  2. RBF
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease in 2

99
Q

Values of Autoregulation

A

80 - 170 mmHg

100
Q

Blood flow to
1. Renal Medulla
2. Renal Cortex

A

1 < 2

101
Q

GFR
1. 75 mmHg
2. 180 mmHg

A

1 < 2

102
Q

GFR
1. 120 mmHg
2. 180 mmHg

A

1 < 2

103
Q

Structure that detects the amount of NaCl and relates it to the amount f fluid that passes through

A

Macula Densa

104
Q
  1. Amount of NaCl in the Macula Densa
  2. Amount of Fluid present
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

105
Q
  1. Macula Densa NaCl
  2. Afferent Arteriole Resistance (constriction)
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

106
Q
  1. Drop in Macula Densa NaCl
  2. Afferent Arteriole Resistance (constriction)
  3. Glomerular Hydrostatic P
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2 and Increase 3

107
Q
  1. Drop in Macula Densa NaCl
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

108
Q

Renin Release
1. Decreased Macula Densa NaCl
2. Increased Macula Densa NaCl

A

1 > 2

109
Q
  1. Drop in Macula Densa NaCl
  2. Efferent Arteriole Resistance
  3. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
  4. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2, 3, 4

110
Q
  1. Protein Intake
  2. RBF & GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2

111
Q
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Afferent Arteriole Resistance
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
maraming glucose ir reabsorb with NaCl = low NaCl detected by Macula Densa = Dilation to increase GFR

112
Q
  1. Protein Meal/ Glucose
  2. Macua Densa NaCl
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2

reabsorbed NaCl with glucose = not sensed by MD

113
Q
  1. Heavy Metal Poisoning
  2. Macula Densa NaCl
A

Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
we need to excrete heavy metal = less reabsorption = more NaCl sensed by MD

114
Q
  1. Heavy Metal Poisoning
  2. GFR
A

Increase in 1 will Increase 2
kasi need sya ma excrete asapp

115
Q

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure with constriction of
1. Afferent at
2. Efferent et

A

1 < 2

[PHY2] 2ND SHIFT (6 decks)

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