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Practice Topics/PID Exam 7 > Renal Phys 1 > Flashcards

Renal Phys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney filters

A

The entire body blood supply - blood flow 20% of CO

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2
Q

Kidney contributes less than ___ % of total body weight

A

Less than 0.5% of total body weight

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3
Q

Kidney functions

A

1 Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign substances

2 Regulation of body fluids and electrolytes balance, acid base balance and arterial blood pressure

3 Elaboration of endocrine hormones

4 Synthesis of glucose

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4
Q

System approach to kidney functions - How the kidney communicates with the rest of the body - Kidney to extrarenal environment (body)

A

Excretion of - metabolic waste products, foreign substances
Adjustment of - fluid volume, solute concentration
Elaboration of endocrine hormones
Gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

System approach to kidney functions - Extrarenal environment (body) to Kidney

A

Blood pressure and volume
Plasma composition
Neuroendocrine

Body sends signals to kidney when changes in these occur

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6
Q

System approach to kidney functions - Intrarenal process

A

Basic kidney process

Local control of - renal auto regulation and autocrine/paracrine systems

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7
Q

Kidneys are located

A

just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine

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8
Q

Urine flows from the kidneys to the ___ through two thin tubes of muscle called ___, one on each side of the bladder

A

Urine flows from kidney to bladder

Through ureters

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9
Q

When bladder fills with urine - the bladder walls are

A

relaxed

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10
Q

When the bladder empties, urine flows out through the

A

urethra

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11
Q

In a bisected kidney, the two major regions visualized are the

A

Cortex (outer region)

Medulla (inner region)

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12
Q

The medulla of the kidney is divided into

A

Multiple cone shaped masses of tissue called renal pyramids

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13
Q

The base of each renal pyramid terminates in the ____ which projects into the ____

A

Base of pyramid terminates in papilla which projects into space of renal pelvis

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14
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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15
Q

Each kidney in the human has how many nephrons

A

About 1 million

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16
Q

Each nephron of the kidney has was

A

A filtering component called the glomerulus

A transporting component called the tubule

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17
Q

The glomerulus consists of

A

A network of capillaries (glomerular capillary) that is supplied by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole

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18
Q

Glomerulus is encased in

A

Bowman’s capsule

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19
Q

Permeability of the glomerular capullaries is what compared to skeletal muscle

A

About 50 times that of capillaries in skeletal muscle

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20
Q

The glomerular capillary membrane is similar to other capillaries except

A

It has 3 (instead of 2) major layers:
Endothelium of capillary
A basement membrane
A layer of epithelial cells (podocytes)

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21
Q

The glomerular capillary membrane is similar to other capillaries except it has 3 major layers - these layers make up the

A

Filtration barrier - through which large amounts of fluid are filtered from the blood with high filtration rate

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22
Q

Fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries flows into the ____ and then into the ____

A

Glomerular capillaries - Bowmans capsule - renal tubule

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23
Q

Where is filtered fluid converted into urine

A

Renal tubule

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24
Q

Renal tubule is dividded into

A

Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct

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25
The renal artery enters the kidney and then
Branches progressively
26
The venous system runs ___ to the arteriolar vessels
parallel
27
The _____ supplying the juxtamedullary nephron differ from those supplying the cortical nephrons
Vascular structures differ
28
Cortical nephrons =
Nephrons that have glomeruli located in the outer cortex and short loop of henle
29
Juxtamedullary nephrons =
Nephrons that have glomeruli located deep in the cortex and long loop of henle (20-30%)
30
Microcirculation of nephron - cortical nephrons are surrounded by
Extensive network of the peritubular capillaries Enter = afferent Leave = efferent
31
Microcirculation of nephron - cortical nephron - Renal circulation is unique because it has
Two capillary beds - the glomerular and peritubular capillaries
32
Microcirculation of nephron - cortical nephron - The glomerular and peritubular capillaries are arranged in series and separated by the
efferent arteriole
33
Microcirculation of nephron - Juxtamedullary nerphrons are surrounded by
Specialized peritubular capillaries called vasa recta
34
Microcirculation of nephron - Juxtamedullary nerphron - The vasa recta extend to
Downward to the medulla - lying side by side with the loop of henle
35
Microcirculation of nephron - Juxtamedullary nerphron - the specialized network of capillaries in the medulla plays an essential role in the formation of
Concentrated urine
36
Basic steps in urine formation - Urine composition depends on
The rates at which different substances are excreted from the body
37
Basic steps in urine formation -Urinary excretion is determined by
3 processes 1) Glomerular filtration 2) Tubular re-absorption 3) Tubular secretion
38
Urine excretion - Filtration
Glomerular filtration | Movement of substances from the glomerular capillaries into Bowmans capsule
39
Urine excretion - re absorption
Tubular re-absoprtion | Movement of substances from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary (to the blood)
40
Urine excretion - secretion
Tubular secretion | Movement of substances from the peritubular capillary (from the blood) to the tubular lumen
41
Urine excretion =
Filtration - re absorption + Secretion
42
Renal blood flow =
The volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time Resting, it is about 20-25% of Cardiac output
43
Blood flow through kidney serves several functions =
1 Delivers substrate for excretion in urine 2 Deliver O2, nutrients, and hormones to cell of nephron and return CO2 and re absorbed fluid and solutes to the circulation 3 Influence GFR 4 Modify rate of solute re absorption 5 Participate in concentration and dilution of urine
44
Glomerular filtration -
The filtration of plasma from the glomerular capillaries into the bowmans capsule Urine formation begins with glomerular filtration
45
Filtrate is termed
Glomerular filtrate or ultrafiltrate
46
Glomerular filtrate contains ____ Exception to this
all plasma constituents except plasma proteins (albumin) and cellular elements (RBCs) Exception to this = substances (like Ca and fatty acids) that are bound to plasma proteins
47
Renal blood flow vs. Renal plasma flow
RBF = the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit of time RPF = volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time
48
GFR =
The volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit of time
49
GFR is determined by the
1 Glomerular capillary filtration coefficient | 2 Net filtration force (pressure)
50
Is GFR a fixed rate?
No - but it is subject to physiological regulation - which causes a change in the net filtration forces due to neural and hormonal input to the afferent and efferent arterioles
51
Net filtration force (pressure) =
the movement of fluid across a capillary wall is determined by the net filtration force (pressure) that is equal to the sum of the starling forces - Hydrostatic force (pressure) - Colloid osmotic force (pressure) Note - these are the starling forces that control fluid movements across the capillary beds
52
Hydrostatic Force (pressure) =
In the capillary, it is the force that is exerted by a fluid against the wall of capillary
53
Colloid Osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) =
In the capillaries, it is the pressure exerted by proteins in the plasma
54
Summary of forces causing fltration by the glomerulus capillaries - Favoring filtration
Glomeular hydrostatic pressure
55
Summary of forces causing fltration by the glomerulus capillaries - Opposing filtration
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure | Bowmans capsule pressure
56
Summary of forces causing fltration by the glomerulus capillaries - Net filtration pressure =
Glomeruluar hydrostatic pressure (-) Bowmans capsule pressure (-) glomerular oncotic pressure
57
Effect of changes in resistance on GFR - VC of afferent arteriole
DECREASED GFR
58
Effect of changes in resistance on GFR - VC of efferent arteriole
INCREASED GFR
59
Effect of changes in resistance on GFR -VD of efferent arteriole
DECREASED GFR
60
Effect of changes in resistance on GFR - VD of afferent arteriole
INCREASED GFR
61
How long does it take to filter the entire plasma volume - A standard person has about 3.5 L of plasma and GFR is 125 ml/min
3500 ml of plasma/125 ml/min filtered = 28 minutes
62
How many times a day would a standard person filter 100% of the plasma (if it takes 28 minutes to filter the entire plasma volume)
24 x 60 minutes / 28 minutes = 51 times
63
Sodium re absorption along the nephron
Filtered = 100% freely Re absorbed = 98-99% Excreted = 1-2% Urine = 1-2%
64
Amino acid re absorption along the nephrone - how much is exccreted in urine
0%
65
Glucose re absorption along the nephron - how much excreted in urine
0%
66
Tubular secretion - what is secreted
``` Organixc anions and cations Para amino hippurate Urea Potassium Proton ``` Urea, K, Proton = are re absorbed and secreted before to be excreted
67
Organic cations and anions - endogenous and drug - Renal secretion of a substance refers to
Direction of flow, from the peritubular capillary (blood) into the lumen fo the nephron
68
Organic cations and anions - endogenous and drug - Many of the organic compounds are
End product of the metabolism that circulates in the plasma or drugs Also - many are bound to plasma proteins and are not freely filtered
69
Organic cations and anions - endogenous and drug - Excretion by filtration alone eliminates only a small portion of these potentially toxic substances from the body - Secretory mechanisms are
powerful and remove all the organic compounds entering the kidney from the plasma The transport mechanisms have low specificity - several organic compounds compete for the transport pathway
70
Organic cations and anions secretion along the nephron
Filtered = not freely Secreted - 100% from proxmila tubule Excreted = 100%
71
Potassium re absorption and secretion along the nephron
Filtered = freely Re absorbed = 99% Secreted = 1% Excreted = 15%
72
Tubular reabsorption is highly
Selective! Kidney regulates the rate of tubular re absorption of solutes independently of one another This capacity of the kidney is essential for precise control of composition and volume of urine Selectivity of tubular re absorption is due to the characteristics of the renal tubule cells
73
Re absorption of filtered fluid and solutes form the tubular lumen into the blood
Mvmnt from lumen of nephron into cell Mvmnt from cell into itnerstitial fluid Mvmnt from interstitium to the capillary
74
Transcellular pathway - primary and secondary active transport
1 - Metabolic substrates (like glucose, amino acids and fatty acids) 2 - All of these various fuels are converted in energy ATP 3 - Electrochemical gradients such as low cell Na and negative voltage drive a whole array of transport processes
75
Net re-absorptive forces - Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces Favoring re absoprtion =
Colloid osmotic pressure in peritubular capillary | Hydrostatic pressure in the renal interstitium
76
Net re-absorptive forces - Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces - Opposing re absorption
Hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillary | Colloid osmotic pressure in renal interstitium
77
Pathogenesis of edema in nephrotic syndrome - due to
A disturbance in the forces that normally partition fluid into the various sub compartments of extracellular fluid space The blood volume remains contracted even though extracellular fluid volume is expanded Glomerular injury - proteinuria - reduced colloid osmotic pressure - edema - reduced plasma volume Original problem is at level of glomerulus

Practice Topics/PID Exam 7 (9 decks)

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