renal, penis, balls, female reproductive Flashcards
(128 cards)
kidney functions
Structure: filter %
Excretes what waste?
Regulates?
Maintains what balance?
Endocrine?
Structurally complex - 0.4% of body weight, but filters 25% of blood through glomeruli
Excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism - cleans the blood – turns 1.5 L into urine
Regulates body water and electrolytes
Maintains appropriate acid-base balance
Endocrine organ – secretes hormones
Renin – blood pressure
Erythropoietin – proliferative effect on bone marrow to make RBCs
components of the nephron
Glomeruli
Convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
JGA controls? how/components?
BP
Juxtaglomerular cells in wall of afferent arteriole: Sensor for blood pressure
Macula densa in wall of distal convoluted tubule: Sensor for sodium
Azotemia – Laboratory Findings
Elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels
azotemia usually related to what?
Usually related to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
azotemia can be associated with what disorders?
Associated with many primary renal disorders or May also be associated with extra-renal disorders
pre and post renal azotemia
Pre-renal azotemia – hypoperfusion of the kidneys decreases GFR in the absence of parenchymal damage
Post-renal azotemia – urine flow obstructed below the level of the kidney
both lead to azometia
Uremia – Clinical Findings
Progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic
biochemical abnormalities
causes of uremia
failure of excretion or metabolic/endocrine alterations
gastric? nn? pericadium? skin?
uremia secondary involvment of organ systems
Uremic gastroenteritis
Peripheral neuropathy
Uremic fibrinous pericarditis
Uremic stomatitis
possible clinical manifestations of renal dx
nephritic
nephrotic
acute failure
chronic failure
UTI
nephrolithsatsis
UT obstructiuon
renal tumors
signs?
nephrotic syndrome
Glomerular syndrome
A non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine.
Heavy proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Severe edema
Hyperlipidemia
Lipiduria
nephritic syndrome
onset?
signs?
Glomerular syndrome
A non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the blood into the urine.
Acute onset
Grossly-visible hematuria
Mild-to-moderate proteinuria
Azotemia
Edema
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
tx?
an immune mediated disease of the renal glomeruli
Treated with steroids
Pyelonephritis
Treated with?
an infection of the kidney (not the glomerulus) usually caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin
Treated with antibiotics
Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
(Postinfectious Glomerulonephtitis)
onset?
Type of immune injury
Acute onset of nephritic syndrome in 9-14 days following
Streptococcal infection
Type III immune injury (Immune complex-mediated inflammation)
Pyelonephritis paths of infection
Hematogenous dissemination – least common
Ascending infection – most common
Fecal bacteria from perineal area
tx?
how to test for polynephritis
Culture and sensitivity – Bactrim tx
Pyelonephritis is much ______ common than glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis is much more common than glomerulonephritis
Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)
Urolithiasis
common? may cause?
Common
May cause obstruction
signs of nephrolithstasis
tx?
Pain
Hematuria
Pyuria (pus in urine)
Lithotripsy= sound waves to break up stones
those with kdney stones are prone to?
ascending infections
nephrolithstasis may be associated with?
May be associated with hypercalcemia (for example,
hyperparathyroidism, metastatic skeletal disease, multiple myeloma
tx of kidney stones
Extracorporeal Shock
Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)= break up to smaller pieces