Renal pelvis and Ureter Flashcards
CELLULAR ANATOMY
The primary functional anatomic unit of the ureter is the ___
The cell is extremely small, approximately ___ in length and __ in diameter. The nucleus is __ and contains a darkly staining body, the nucleolus, and the genetic material of the cell. Surrounding the nucleus is the ___, which contains the structures involved in cell function. Frequently in close relation to the nucleus, ___ in the cytoplasm perform many of the nutritive functions of the cell.
CELLULAR ANATOMY
The primary functional anatomic unit of the ureter is the ureteral smooth muscle cell.
The cell is extremely small, approximately 250 to 400 µm in length and 5 to 7 µm in diameter. The nucleus is ellipsoid and contains a darkly staining body, the nucleolus, and the genetic material of the cell. Surrounding the nucleus is the sarcoplasm, which contains the structures involved in cell function. Frequently in close relation to the nucleus, mitochondria in the cytoplasm perform many of the nutritive functions of the cell.
Endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum dispersed in the cytoplasm serves as Ca++ storage sites.
Dispersed in the sarcoplasm are the contractile proteins, ___. Depending on the local calcium ion (Ca2+ concentration in the con) concentration,
Around the periphery of the cell are numerous cavitary structures, some of which open to the outside of the cell and are referred to as ___. These caveolae contain a cytoskeletal protein, ____, and a variety of signal transduction molecules and receptors for growth factors and cytokines. A ____ cell membrane surrounds the cell. The inner plasma membrane surrounds the entire cell, but the outer basement membrane is absent at areas of close cell-to-cell contact, referred to as ________
Endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum dispersed in the cytoplasm serves as Ca++ storage sites.
Dispersed in the sarcoplasm are the contractile proteins, actin and myosin. Depending on the local calcium ion (Ca2+ concentration in the con) concentration,
Around the periphery of the cell are numerous cavitary structures, some of which open to the outside of the cell and are referred to as caveolae. These caveolae contain a cytoskeletal protein, caveolin, and a variety of signal transduction molecules and receptors for growth factors and cytokines. A doublelayer cell membrane surrounds the cell. The inner plasma membrane surrounds the entire cell, but the outer basement membrane is absent at areas of close cell-to-cell contact, referred to as intermediate junctions.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE URETER
The ureter, a 25- to 30-cm tube extending from the renal pelvis to the bladder, arises as an outpouching from the mesonephric duct. This begins on embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) in mice and E28 in humans.
Signals from the metanephric mesenchyme, stroma, and angioblasts induce the ureteral bud to arise from the mesonephric
duct, invade the ___ , and undergo ___. The nephric (mesonephric or Wolffian) duct cells express a number of surface receptors, including (5).
RET signaling is induced by ___ , derived from adjacent metanephrogenic mesenchyme and leads to a rearrangement of the nephric duct cells.
This movement of cells is regulated by the transcription factors ___. GDNF-RET signaling is a major pathway in the development of the ureter (Woolf and Davies, 2013) and may be potentiated by ____
GDNF signals through the ___ and leads to activation of the RAS/ERK MAP kinase, P13K-Akt, and PLC Y-Ca++
pathways,which results in increased
___ and ___ (Tang et al., 2002). The upregulation of ___ by Ret acts as a negative feedback loop.
The expression of GDNF and c-Ret is activated by a transcription factor present in the metanephric mesenchyme, ___ , which is increased by ___ (Zhang et al., 2004).
keywords: RET FGFR AT2R, ALK, GDNF, ETV4 and ETV5, NPY, C-ret Tyrosine kinase, RAS/ERK map knase, p13 AKT, PLC Y-ca pathways, P13 kinase, spry1, pax-2,AT2
EVELOPMENT OF THE URETER
The ureter, a 25- to 30-cm tube extending from the renal pelvis to the bladder, arises as an outpouching from the mesonephric duct. This begins on embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) in mice and E28 in humans.
Signals from the metanephric mesenchyme, stroma, and angioblasts induce the ureteral bud to arise from the mesonephric
duct, invade the metanephric mesenchyme, and undergo branching. The nephric (mesonephric or Wolffian) duct cells express a number of surface receptors, including RET, FGFR, AT2
R, and ALK (Fig. 85.1).
RET signaling is induced by glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), derived from adjacent metanephrogenic mesenchyme and leads to a rearrangement of the nephric duct cells (Woolf and Davies, 2013). This movement of cells is regulated by the transcription factors ETV4 and ETV5. GDNF-RET signaling is a major pathway in the development of the ureter (Woolf and Davies, 2013) and may be potentiated by neuropeptide Y (NPY)
GDNF signals through the c-Ret receptor tyrosine kinase and leads to activation of the RAS/ERK MAP kinase, P13K-Akt, and PLC Y-Ca++
pathways,which results in increased
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13-kinase) activity and Akt/PKB phosphorylation (Tang et al., 2002). The upregulation of Spry1 by Ret acts as a negative feedback loop (Basson et al., 2006). The expression of GDNF and c-Ret is activated by a transcription factor present in the metanephric mesenchyme, paired box 2 (Pax-2) (Brophy et al., 2001; Clarke et al., 2006), which is increased by angiotensin II (AT2) (Zhang et al., 2004).
The nephric ducts also express ___, which are activated
by activins and BMPs (TGF-β family members), leading to activation of ___, which __ureteric bud outgrowth and ureteral development
The nephric ducts also express ALK receptors, which are activated
by activins and BMPs (TGF-β family members), leading to activation of SMADs, which inhibit ureteric bud outgrowth and ureteral development
