Renal Pathology and Pharmacology Flashcards
What is oliguria?
production of abnormally small amounts of urine?
What is polyuria?
production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine
What is proteinuria?
presence of protein in the urine; protein should not be in the urine
what is hematuria?
blood in the urine; it should not be present
What are the primary blood tests used to evaluate kidney function?
blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
What is the indicator of the number of functional nephrons in the kidney?
GFR- glomerular filtration rate
How is GFR determined?
;by measurement of creatinine clearance
What does a rising creatinine level indicate?
it indicates a decreasing GFR
if creatinine production is constant, then plasma concentration is inversely proportional to GFR
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
urea is formed by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys to increase BUN and decrease GFR
What can increase BUN?
increased dietary protein
GI bleeding
dehyrdation
What do diuretics do?
increase urine volume
normal urine production is 1.5-2L/day
How do osmotic diuretics work?
they are given by an IV to reduce intracellular water volume. This non-reabsorbable solute is filtered into tubular fluid to stay in the tubule so that water will follow
-used to decrease intracranial pressure
how do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work?
they inhibit NaHCO3 reabsorption in the proximal convuluted tubule to decrease glaucoma and CSF
results in retention of water
weak diuretic
How do loop diuretics work?
these are the most potent diuretics that act more proximally in the nephron
they affect the Na/K/Cl co-transporters so that water is held in the tubular fluid to produce diuresis
What results from loop diruetics?
diruresis and loss of K+
used to manage heart failure
How do thaizide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) work?
inhibits NaCl transporters at the luminal membrane of the distal convuluted tubule
used to manage HTN
most commonly used diuretics
What is ADH (vasopressin) antagonist used to treat?
hyponatremia or edema
also Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion(SIADH)
Where can kidney stones cause obstruction?
the renal pelvis, ureters or urethra
what can cause kidney damage?
urine stasis and increased risk of infection
increased pressure in the urinary tract
What are the types of stones in nephrolithiasis?
calcium oxalate (most common)
magnesium ammonium phsophate
uric acid
cystine
What are the symptoms of kidney stones
pain is primary and varies with location
what is glomerulonephritis?
a group of diseases resulting in inflammation and injury to glomeruli
it is a leading cause of acute and chronic renal failure
What causes glomerulonephritis?
commonly due to an immune system attack on glomerular antigens (occurs
in lupus) or trapping of circulating antigen-antibody complexes in glomeruli
(post-strep infection, more common)
What is azotemia?
accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood; elevated BUN
