Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the kidney from superficial to deep?

A

cortex–>medulla–>renal pelvis

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2
Q

What collects in the renal pelvis?

A

urine that is not futher modified once it reaches the renal pelvis

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3
Q

What is a nephron?

A

a “mini-kidney”

functional unit of the kidney

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4
Q

What 2 surfaces make up the epithelial cells?

A

the luminal surface, closest to the lumen,
sometimes called the apical surface!
- the basolateral surface, closest to capillaries in
interstitium!

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5
Q

What is the private blood supply of the nephron?

A

the afferent arteriole that forms tufts of capillaries called the glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule

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6
Q

How much of plasma filters out into Bowmans capsule?

A

about 20%

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7
Q

How does the remaining 80% exit the nephron?

A

by the efferent arteriole that can break into a capillary network surrounding the tubule called the peritubular capillary network

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8
Q

Where are the glomeruli found?

A

in the cortex of the kidney

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9
Q

Where do the collecting ducts run to empty?

A

they run through the medulla and empty into the renal pelvis

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10
Q

3 processes that the kidney performs to maintain homeostatis

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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11
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

this is an active process involving ATP by which the kidneys add solute to tubular fluid from the
peritubular capillary network
drugs and toxins are removed from the blood this way

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12
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

this is the movement of water and solute from
tubular fluid back into peritubular capillaries!
• this is the major process of modification of
tubular fluid
dependent on active transport
uses energy to drive Na+/K+ ATPase

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13
Q

difference between systemic and renal capillaries

A

systemic capillaries filter 3-4 liters per day as
compared to renal capillaries at 180 liters per day!
renal capillaries also have a large hydrostatic pressure that remains high along the capillary

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14
Q

describe glomerular capillaries

A

they are leaky
everything that is in the capillary except cells and proteins can get out of
capillary into Bowman’s space

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15
Q

What happens to GFR if plasma creatinine is increasing?

A

GFR must be decreasing

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16
Q

What happens if the sodium/potassium pump is shut down?

A

the kidneys ability to reabsorb solute will also be shut down

17
Q

When can glucose appear in the urine?

A

if the transport maximum is reached ( when concentration is 250 mg/dl)

18
Q

What solutes are secreted?

A

H+
K+
drugs
toxins

19
Q

What cells initiate absorption or secretion?

A

kidney tubular cells

20
Q

How much does the proximal nephron reabsorb?

A

67% of all filtered solutes and water except glucose, AA and bicarbonate

21
Q

How is the loop of henle(LOH) different from bowmans space?

A

its fluid lacks glucose and AA

22
Q

what is preferential solute reabsorption?

A

more solute than water is being reabsorbed

This is a property of the loop of Henle

23
Q

What is the homeostatic segment of the nephron?

A

the distal nephron

24
Q

Ascending limb of the LOH

A

impermeable to water

25
Q

Descending limb of LOH

A

permeable to both salt and water

26
Q

State of anti-diuresis (water conservation)

A

large gradient
285 mOsm in cortex to 1200
mOsm in medulla

27
Q

state of diuresis (excess water consumption)

A

small gradient

285 to 425 Osm

28
Q

role of ADH (vasopressin) in water conservation

A
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is the hormone
that homeostatically regulates distal nephron water
reabsorption
29
Q

how is osmolarity monitored?

A

osmolarity is the monitored variable via osmo-receptors in the
hypothalamus

30
Q

role of aldosterone

A

aldosterone is the hormone that controls distal nephron

sodium reabsorption

31
Q

renin-angiotension- aldosterone pathway

A

increased activate or renal sympathetic nerves!
- decreased arterial pressure!
- decreased GFR, which causes decreased flow to macula
densa and a subsequent decrease in NaCl concentration in
the macula densa !
- renin is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to
angiotensin I!
- angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II!
- angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenals!
- aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption from the distal nephron!
- water follows passively, resulting in an increase in volume

32
Q

How does the renal system function to regulate extracellular fluid volume?

A

by controlling the amount of ingested NaCl that is retained rather than excreted