renal pathologies Flashcards
Which of the following statements is TRUE in relation to acute kidney injury (AKI)?
a. In pre-renal AKI, ↓ renal blood flow leads to hypoperfusion
b. In post-renal AKI, unilateral obstruction ↑ intraluminal pressure
c. In post-renal AKI, renal tubular injury ↑ intratubular obstruction
d. In intrarenal AKI, there is an ↑ in aldosterone and ADH secretion
a. In pre-renal AKI, ↓ renal blood flow leads to hypoperfusion
b. bilateral obstruction
acute renal failure is always associated with:
a. raised plasma K+ levels
b. raised plasma phosphate concentration
c. reduction in urine output
d. reduction in GFR
d. reduction in GFR
what are the symptoms of nephritic syndrome?
Proteinuria, pyuria
Haematuria
Azotaemia (increased creatinine and urea)
Red cell casts
Anti-strep titres (if post-strep)
Oliguria
Hypertension
what are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?
Hypoalbuminaemia
Oedema
Lipid abnormalities/xanthomata
Proteinuria
where are renal stones most likely to get trapped in?
a. minor calyx
b. major calyx
c. ureteropelvic junction
d. where ureter crosses pelvic brim
e. vesicoureteric junction
e. vesicoureteric junction
70F, elevated serum creatinine for >3 months, hyperphosphatemia and normochromic normocytic anaemia
what is the effect of this on potassium levels?
hyperkalaemia due to CKD
12yo boy presents to ED with abdominal pain, fruity breath and ketones in urine
what effect on potassium levels?
hyperkalaemia
insulin causes K+ to enter cells –> decreased K+ in blood
30M with Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
what effect on potassium levels?
hypokalaemia
more Na+ reabsorbed –> more K+ secreted
which of the following statements is true about renal osteodystrophy?
a. Happens mostly in acute kidney injury FALSE, CKD
b. High phosphate retention causes hypercalcemia in the early stages
c. Low calcitriol reduces Ca absorption in intestines, worsening osteodystrophy
d. Persistently high PTH in secondary hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia in later stages
c. Low calcitriol reduces Ca absorption in intestines, worsening osteodystrophy
a. CKD
b. hypocalcaemia (formation of phosphate-calcium complex
d. tertiary hyperparathyroidism
12yo Daniel comes with his mother to the GP because he has had blood in his urine and water retention. He had fallen sick last week with bacterial pharyngitis and had since recuperated.
Which of the following is he likely to have?
a. IgA nephropathy
b. Minimal change disease
c. Post-streptococcal GN
d.. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosise
e. Rapidly progressive GN
f. ANCA associated GN
c. Post-streptococcal GN
Note this is usually asymptomatic, but gross hematuria + oedema + HTN is a possible presentation
Nephrolithiasis can cause obstruction of urine and pain. Where is likely for stones to lodge in
the urinary system?
a. Bladder
b. Penile urethra
c. Prostatic urethra
d. Renal calyx
e. Ureter over the iliac vessels
e. Ureter over the iliac vessels
Mrs Pingu has bladder cancer. What are her urinalysis results?
a. Elevated specific gravity and bilirubin
b. Isolated haematuria
c. Leukocytes, nitrites and haematuria
d. Nitrites and glucose
b. Isolated haematuria
Maxwell Hill, a 30‐year‐old male artist presented to his general practitioner (GP) with tiredness for
the past 6 months. On examination, he looked pale and breathless and has bilateral ankle oedema.
His blood pressure was 160/90 mmHg. The GP felt a mass over his right loin. Urine examination
indicated presence of protein and red blood cells. What condition is this patient MOST LIKELY to
have?
A. Urinary tract infection
B. Benign prostate hypertrophy
C. Polycystic kidney disease
D. Renal calculi
E. Renal artery stenosis
C. Polycystic kidney disease
