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renal anat Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mesonephric duct also known as?

A

Wolffian duct

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2
Q

what is the paramesonephric duct also known as?

A

Mullerian duct

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3
Q

what does the allantois give rise to?

A

bladder

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4
Q

what is the collecting duct derived from?

A

ureteric bud

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5
Q

what is the nephron derived from?

A

metanephrogenic mesenchyme

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6
Q

what mesoderm is the kidney derived from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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7
Q

what structures does the mesonephric duct mainly give rise to?

A

male reproductive structures (testes, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles)

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8
Q

what structures does the paramesonephric duct mainly give rise to?

A

female reproductive structures (fallopian tubes, uterus, proximal vagina)

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9
Q

what does the ureteric bud form?

A

drainage components of urinary system: collecting ducts, renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters

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10
Q

what does the metanephric mesenchyme form?

A

nephrons (glomerulus, PCT, LoH, DCT) and interstitium

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11
Q

what are the 6 stages of nephrogenesis?

A
  1. mesenchymal cell condensation (aggregation)
  2. epithelial vesicle
  3. comma-shaped body
  4. s-shaped body
  5. capillary loop stage glomerulus
  6. maturing glomerulus
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12
Q

what the 3 muscles of posterior abdominal wall (medial to lateral)?

A

psoas major, quadratus lumborum, iliacus

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13
Q

describe the median arcuate ligament anatomically

A

surrounds aortic hiatus, connects diaphragmatic crura

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14
Q

describe the medial arcuate ligament anatomically

A

arches over psoas major and sympathetic trunks
thickening of psoas fascia curving from L1 vertebral body to transverse process

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15
Q

describe the lateral arcuate ligament anatomically

A

arches over quadratus lumborum and subcostal nerves and vessels
thickening of lumbar fascia from L1 transverse process to 12th rib

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16
Q

nerve roots of iliohypogastric nerve and relation to psoas major

A

T12-L1
runs under psoas major and emerges at its lateral border to run over quadratus lumborum

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17
Q

nerve roots of ilioinguinal nerve

A

L1

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18
Q

nerve roots of genitofemoral nerve and relation to psoas major

A

L1-L2
pierces psoas at L3/4 emerging on its anterior surface

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19
Q

nerve roots of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and it’s relation to psoas major

A

L2-3
lateral border of psoas major

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20
Q

nerve root of femoral nerve and relation to psoas major

A

L2-4
lateral border of psoas major

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21
Q

nerve roots of obturator nerve and relation to psoas major

A

L2-4
medial border of psoas major

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22
Q

boundaries of lumbar triangle (anterior, posterior and inferior)

A

anterior: external oblique muscle
posterior: latissimus dorsi
inferior: iliac crest

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23
Q

what is the T8 hiatus and what structures run through it)

A

caval hiatus

IVC, right phrenic nerve, lymphatics

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24
Q

what is the T10 hiatus and what structures run through it)

A

oesophageal hiatus

oesophagus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks

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25
Q

what is the T12 hiatus and what structures run through it?

A

aortic hiatus

aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein

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26
Q

what vertebral level is kidneys?

A

right: L1-4
left: T12-L3

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27
Q

arrange these structures from anterior to posterior
1. renal artery
2. renal pelvis
3. renal vein
4. splenic vein

A

splenic vein, renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis

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28
Q

which renal vein is longer?

A

left renal vein

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29
Q

which renal artery is longer?

A

right renal artery

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30
Q

which renal vein runs posterior to SMA?

A

left renal vein

31
Q

which renal artery runs posterior to IVC?

A

right renal artery

32
Q

blood flow in kidney from renal artery to peritubular capillaries

A

renal artery –> segmental –> interlobar –> arcuate –> interlobular –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries

33
Q

order of veins from vasa recta to renal vein

A

vasa recta –> interlobular –> arcuate –> interlobar –> renal vein

34
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of kidneys?

A

para-aortic LN –> cisterna chyli

35
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of paired viscera?

A

para-aortic/lumbar LN

36
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of unpaired viscera?

A

pre-aortic LN

37
Q

what are the four layers surrounding the kidney? (superficial to deep)

A
  1. pararenal fat
  2. renal/Gerota’s fascia
  3. perirenal fat
  4. renal capsule
38
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary nephron

39
Q

which nephron has a longer LoH?

A

juxtamedullary nephron

40
Q

which nephron has its glomeruli in the outer cortex?

A

cortical nephron

41
Q

what are the 3 resident cell types in the glomerulus?

A
  1. endothelial cell
  2. mesangial cell
  3. podocytes
42
Q

which part of the nephron does extensive ion exchange occur?

A

distal convoluted tubule

43
Q

which part of the nephron plays a major role in absorption of tubular contents?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

44
Q

what type of epithelium lines the collecting ducts?

A

simple cuboidal

45
Q

what type of epithelium lines the distal tubules?

A

simple cuboidal

46
Q

what type of epithelium lines the proximal tubules?

A

simple columnar or cuboidal

47
Q

where is renin synthesised?

A

juxtaglomerular cells which is part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

48
Q

what are the 3 parts of the JGA?

A
  1. macula densa
  2. extraglomerular mesangium (lacis cells)
  3. juxtaglomerular cell
49
Q

what type of epithelium lines the ureters?

A

transitional epithelium/urothelium

50
Q

which part of the ureter has thick lamina propria and thin muscularia externa?

A

proximal ureter

51
Q

which part of the ureter has thin lamina propria and thick muscularis externa?

A

distal ureter

52
Q

what structures do the ureters pass under?

A

uterine artery/vas deferens

53
Q

what are the 3 typical sites of constriction of ureter?

A
  1. ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
  2. pelvic brim (where ureter crosses anterior to common iliac artery at L5)
  3. ureterovesical junction
54
Q

what is the arterial supply of the upper ureter?

A

renal artery

55
Q

what is the arterial supply of the middle ureter?

A

aorta, gonadal artery, common iliac a.

56
Q

what is the arterial supply of the lower ureter?

A

internal iliac a.

57
Q

what type of epithelium lines the bladder?

A

stratified transitional epithelium (stratified columnar –> squamous)

58
Q

where are the transient receptor potential (TRP) receptors found?

A

lamina propria of bladder wall

59
Q

what are the 3 layers of muscle of detrusor muscle?

A

longitudinal, circular, longitudinal

60
Q

which adrenal gland is pyramidal?

A

right adrenal gland

61
Q

which adrenal gland is crescenteric?

A

left adrenal gland

62
Q

what are the 3 layers of adrenal cortex?

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasiculata
  3. zona reticularis
63
Q

which vein does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

A

left renal vein

64
Q

what does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

65
Q

which artery does the superior suprarenal artery branch from?

A

inferior phrenic artery

66
Q

where does the middle suprarenal artery branch from?

A

abdominal aorta

67
Q

which muscle is most likely to be injured in punctured kidney?

A

quadratus lumborum

68
Q

where is ureteric pain referred to and what nerve fibres carry them?

A

loin to groin
SNS afferents

69
Q

which glomerular filtration layer prevents the leakage of red blood cells?

A

fenestrated endothelium

70
Q

which nerve is responsible for the cremaster reflex?

A

ilioinguinal nerve

71
Q

what processes does Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) inhibit?

A

ureteric budding and branching morphogenesis

72
Q

by the end of week ___, the pronephros disappears and does not function

73
Q

in horseshoe kidney, the kidneys are trapped under ___

74
Q

The sympathetic nerves that supply the bladder originate from:

a. T1-3
b. T4-6
c. T10-L2
d. T8-9

renal system (9 decks)

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