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FHB - Pulmonary & Renal - Exam 2 > Renal Overview - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Renal Overview - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus composed of?

A

Composed of macula Densa of the thick ascending limb, extraglomerular, mesangial cells and renin-angiotensin II producing GRANULAR cells

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2
Q

What are the 8 main functions of the kidneys?

A

1) Excretion of metabolic waste and foreign substances;
2) Regulation of water and electrolyte balance;
3) Regulation of extracellular fluid volume;
4) Regulation of plasma osmolality;
5) Regulation of red blood cell production;
6) Regulation of vascular resistance;
7) Regulation of acid-base balance;
8) Regulation of vitamin D production.

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3
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle
  2. Proximal Tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Tubule
  5. Collecting duct system
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4
Q

What is within the renal corpuscle? Where does this lie in (Cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla?)

A
  1. Glomerular Capillaries
  2. Bowman’s Capsule

CORTEX

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5
Q

What is the Loop of Henle composed of?

A
  1. Descending thin limb
  2. Descending thick limb?
  3. Ascending thin limb
  4. Thick ascending limb
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6
Q

What is the short segment of the THICK ascending limb called? What part of the kidney is it situation in? (cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla)

A

Macula Densa
- short segment of the thick ascending limb

  • in the CORTEX
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7
Q

The distal tubule extends into the cortex to meet two or more nephrons forming the _____

A

Cortical Collecting Duct

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8
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

Ultra - filtration

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9
Q

Where is the brush border located?

A

in the Proximal Tubule

  • functions to rabsorb substances
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10
Q

What are the two cells types that the Collecting Duct is composed of?

A
  1. Principal Cells

2. Intercalated Cells

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11
Q

All cells (except the intercalated cells) in the nephron have what?

A

Cilia that protrude into the tubule fluid

  • mechanosensors and detect changes in the rate of flow of tubule fluid
  • chemosensors and initiate Calcium dependent signaling pathways
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12
Q

The glomerular capillaries form the efferent arteriole which lead into what 2nd capillary network?

A

Peritubular capillaries

  • supply blood to the nephron
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13
Q

What are the 2 renal blood flow routes?

A

Through glomerular capillaries and then either through:

  1. Peritubular Capillaries
  2. Vasa Recta
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14
Q

What does the following coloration of urine signify?

  1. Amber
  2. Dark Amber on standing
  3. Dark amber on collection
  4. Pale Amber on collection
A
  1. Urochrome
  2. Due to oxidation of urobilinogen
  3. Anti-Diuresis (V< 1 ml/min)

4 Water Diuresis (V > 1 ml/min)

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15
Q

How does the Kidney function as an endocrine gland? (4)

A
  1. Erythropotein production - RBC production
  2. Calcitriol or Vitamin D3 - bone resorption
  3. Renin - increased levels of Angiotensin
  4. Prostaglandins - renal vasodilation and regulation of RPF and GRF
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16
Q

How is the kidney a target for hormones? (4)

A
  1. ADH from posterior pituitary - water balance
  2. Aldosterone from adrenal cortex - POSITIVE sodium & water balance
  3. ANP from heart - negative sodium & water balance
  4. PTH - calcium absorption by renal tubules
17
Q

Hypertension usually has how much renal involvement?

A

10%

18
Q

What affect does CHF have on the kidney?

A

Decreased cardiac output means increased salt & water reabsorption
- vicious cycle involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis

19
Q

What is the function of the Proximal Tubule?

A

High-volume, low gradient reabsorption

  • contain the brush border
  • highly invaginated
20
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. Forms HIGH INTERSTITIAL OSMOLALITY
  2. Descending & Ascending thin limbs have poorly developed apical and basolateral surfaces
  3. Few mitochondria
21
Q

What is the function of the Distal Tubule?

A
  1. Low Volume, high gradient reabsorption
22
Q

What is the function of the Macula Densa & JGA?

A
  1. . Sensor of tubular flow

- thick ascending limb & distal tubule have abundant mitochondria and extensive infolding of the basolateral membranes

23
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A
  1. Concentration/dilution of final urine
    - composed of principal & intercalated cells

principle cells = few invaginations, little mitochondria

Intercalated cells = regulated acid-base balance - high density of mitochondria

24
Q

What cells secrete H+ and HCO3-?

A

Intercalated cells

25
Q

Where is RBC produced? What stimulates this production?

A

Bone Marrow

  • Erythropotein (from the liver)
  • drops in pO2 cause increased secretion of erythropotein
26
Q

What are the cortex and medulla composed of?

A

Nephrons!

27
Q

What does the medulla divide into? What lies within the minor calyces?

A

Renal Pyramids

Papillae! (minor calyces colect urine from each papillae)

28
Q

The cortical collecting duct leads into what 2 structures simultaneously?

A

Outer Medullary Collecting Duct

Inner Medullary Collecting DUct

29
Q

What cells make up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A
  1. Macula Densa
  2. Extra-glomerular Mesangial Cells
  3. Granular Cells (produce renin)
30
Q

State the function of the following

  1. Glomerulus
  2. Proximal Tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Tubule
  5. Macula Densa
  6. Collecting Duct
A
  1. Glomerulus - FILTRATION
  2. Proximal Tubule - REABSORPTION (high volume, low gradient)
  3. Loop of Henle - OSMOLARITY FORMATION
  4. Distal Tubule - REABSORPTION (low volume, high-gradient)
  5. Macula Densa / JGA - SENSOR OF TUBULAR FLOW
    - extensive infolding of basolateral membrane
  6. Collecting Duct - DILUTION/CONCENTRATION OF FINAL URINE
31
Q

What are the normal values for RPF & RBF?

A

RPF = 660 mL/min

RBF = 1200 mL/min

32
Q

What is the normal value of GFR? Filtration Rate?

A

125 mL/min

(GFR/RPF = 125/660) = 20%

33
Q

What second capillary network do the glomerular capillaries that form the efferent arteriole lead into?

A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

90% RBF

34
Q

What vessels are responsible for 90% of RBF? 20%?

A

Peritubular Capillaries

Vasa Recta Capillaries

FHB - Pulmonary & Renal - Exam 2 (21 decks)

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