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FHB - Pulmonary & Renal - Exam 2 > Pulmonary 1 - Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Pulmonary 1 - Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is O2 & CO2 exchanged? Transported?

A
  1. Exchanged in Alveoli

2. Transported in BLOOD via

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2
Q

What is termed internal respiration? What is External?

A

Mitochondria consume O2 and produce CO2

  • Echange of air in Lungs via Alveoli
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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of the lung? What is the MAIN function of these 4?

A
  1. O2 IN & CO2 OUT!! = MAIN
  2. Barrier Function
    - mucociliary clearance
  3. Metabolism
    - Angiotensin I, Seratonin
  4. Host - Defense
    - immune functions
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4
Q

What are the 4 components of the upper airway? 3 of the Lower airway? Where does gas exchange occur?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Glottis
  4. Vocal Cords (Nose - Larynx)
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchial Tree
  7. Alveoli

Gas exchange occurs in the LOWER AIRWAY

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the upper airway?

A
  1. Condition inspired air (temp/humidify)
  2. Nose filters particles > 10 micrometers
  3. Generate Resistance to airflow (50% in the nose)
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6
Q

Where is most airflow resistance found?

A

Nose

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the lobulation of the lung?

A

Greater movement of he torso w.o producing stress/strain forces on lung tissue

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8
Q

What area is the functional anatomic unit? The Basic Physiologic Unit?

A
  1. Bronchopulmonary segment

2. Respiratory unit (alveoli)

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9
Q

What is the anatomical dead space called? What airway generations fall in this category?

Which area participates in gas exchange? What is the transition zone? (where is it found)

A
  1. Conducting Airways
    - zones 1-16
  2. Respiratory Unit

Transition zone is the area between the terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles that are only partially alveolated - zones 17-19

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10
Q

As airway general increases, what else increases? This occurs in what zone?

A

Cross - Sectional Area

  • Respiratory Zone
    (also includes terminal bronchioles)
  • greater area = small forward velocity and thus gas moves chiefly by DIFFUSION (ventilation)
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11
Q

What type of cells coat the alveolar surface? What makes Type 1 cells so ideal for diffusion?

A
  1. Squamous Epithelial Cells

- very thin & LARGE AREA

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12
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic & parasympathetic systems in the lung?

A

Sympathetic: dilates airways

Parasympathetic : constricts the airway

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13
Q

What are the majority of alveolar cells? The 2%

  1. Type 1
  2. Type 2

Which of these cells produce surfactant?

A

Majority = Type 1

Type 2 produce surfactant

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14
Q

What makes up the Large Conduction Airway? What type of cells are in the epithelium? bronchioles? Capillaries?

A
  1. Epithelium - goblet cell (produce mucous)
    - Basement Membrane
    - Mucous Gland
    - Cartilage
  2. Bronchioles - no cartilage or mucous glands
  3. Capillaries - thin layer of alveolar epithelial cells & capillaries
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15
Q

What is sandwiched between the alveolar epithelium? How thick is the blood-air barrier? How does blood pass through the lungs?

A
  1. Pulmonary Capillary Endothelium
    - thin & LARGE area- 0.4 micrometers
  2. Blood passes as a SHEET flow
    - capillaries are wider than they are long
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16
Q

What are the 3 main functions of SURFACE TENSION (without surfactant)?

A
  1. Resist being stretched
  2. Tends to reduce surface area
  3. Creates Tendency to recoil after stretch
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17
Q

What is the Law of Laplace for Alveolar Pressure?

A

Pressure = 2 x Surface Tension / Radius

P= (2T)/ r

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18
Q

Which cells are responsible for producing surfactant? Without surfactant, which alveoli (size) would collapse?

A
  1. Type 2 produce a lipoprotein complex

2. Reduce surface tension most in SMALL ALVEOLI –> more surfactant per unit area than larger alveoli

19
Q

What would occur if there was no surfactant?

A

Large surface tension would collapse the alveoli/lungs due to the strong attractive forces of H20 molecules in the alveoli

Small alveoli collapse
Large alveoli become over distended

20
Q

What is interdependence? What opposes the tendency to collapse?

A

Alveoli mechanically tethered together to prevent the tendency of collapsing the alveoli

  • traction exerted by neighboring alveoli OPPOSE the tendency to collapse
21
Q

What are 2 things that determine the STABILITY of alveoli?

A
  1. Surfactant

2. Interdependence

22
Q

What collateral ventilation provides traction for the surrounding neighbor alveoli? (3)

A
  1. Pores of Khon
  2. Channels of Lambert
  3. Channels of Martin
23
Q

What are the 2 vascular systems?

A
  1. bronchial Circulation (1-%CO)

2. Pulmonary

24
Q

What Bronchial Vascular system is responsible for 1/3 of blood to the heart and 2/3 to the pulmonary circulation? What is this called?

A
  1. Bronchial Veins

3. Venous Admixture or Anatomic Shunt

25
Q

What is the primary function of the Pulmonary Circulation?

A

Deliver blood to the lungs for GAS EXCHANGE

26
Q

What constitutes the largest vascular bed in the body? What are the metabolic functions of this vascular bed?

A

Pulmonary Arteries & Veins

  • Convert Angiotensin I to ANgiotensin II
  • inactivate Bradykinin
  • Remove Seratonin, NE, Prostaglandins, Leukotriens, Drug metabolism
27
Q

What is the mechanism of deposition of inhaled particles of the following sized particles
(state the Mechanism name & Site of Fx)

  1. Less than 0.1 um
  2. More than 5 um
  3. 1-5 um
A
  1. DIFFUSTION
    - Alveoli
  2. Impaction - Nasopharynx
  3. Sedimentation - Small airways
28
Q

What are the 3 components of the mucociliary clearance system? What is the function of each?

A
  1. Mucus Layer - lies on top of periciliary fluid & traps inhaled particles
  2. Periciliary Fluid
  3. Cilia - in the periciliary fluid & only tips contact mucus layer
    - propel mucus towards the pharynx where it is swallowed
29
Q

Why is there no mucociliary clearance in alveoli? How are particles removed?

A
  1. no CIlia!

2. Macrophages engulf particles

30
Q

What occurs if particles enter the bronchi?

A
  1. Particles Swallowed
  2. Mucociliary system transports particles via the bronchi
  3. Alveolar Macrophages engulf particles
31
Q

What are the functions of upper airways?

A

Filter, warm & humidify air

32
Q

What is the volume of the anatomic dead space? Respiratory Region?1

A
  1. 150 mL

2. 2.5 - 3 L (Surface Area 50-100 m2)

33
Q

What do the respiratory duct & Alveolar Ducts compose?
1. Respiratory Segment
or
2. Basic Physiologic Unit

A
  1. Basic Physiologic Unit
34
Q

The whole output of the right heart goes where?

A

The lung

35
Q

What is the purpose of short capillary segments?

A

Blood forms a continuous sheet!

36
Q

Does the lung have metabolic functions?

A

YES!

37
Q

What removes inhaled particles in the lung?

A

Mucociliary Transport System

38
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Change in volume that occurs with cyclic breathing

39
Q

What is IRV & ERV?

A

Volumes that can be in/exhaled in addition to the tidal volume during forced inspiration/expiration

40
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume that remains in the lung even after forced ventilation

  • cannot be measured with spirometry
41
Q

What is VC?

A

Maximal amount of air that can be moved from deep expiration to deep inspiration

VC = IRV + Vt + ERV

42
Q

What is FRC?

A

Volume of air in the lungs when all respiratory muscles are relaxed
- balance position of the lung chest wall system

FRC = ERV + RV

43
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

A

Volume that can be inhaled after all respiratory muscles are relaxed

IC = IRV + Vt

FHB - Pulmonary & Renal - Exam 2 (21 decks)

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