Renal Outflow Disease

Question 1

what types of urinary tract disease are there

Answer 1

UTI, urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract malignancy

Question 2

what obstructions can there be in the urinary tract?

Answer 2

renal stones, tumours, prostatic hypertrophy

Question 3

what does it mean if you detect bacteria in urine?

Answer 3

infection

Question 4

when do you collect a urine sample?

Answer 4

midstream

Question 5

what is the common bacteria for UTI

Answer 5

E. coli

Question 6

what is cystitis

Answer 6

bladder inflammation

Question 7

what are the predisposing factors for a UTI?

Answer 7

poor bladder emptying and low urinary flow rates

Question 8

what are the symptoms of a UTI?

Answer 8

dysuria, urinary frequency, cloudy urine, offensive smelling urine, supra-pubic pain

Question 9

what can infected urine cause?

Answer 9

cystitis, renal infection, prostate infection

Question 10

what is the condition when urethritis occurs in isolation?

Answer 10

gonococcal

Question 11

what is the treatment for a UTI?

Answer 11

diagnosis, increase fluid intake, frequent micturation, occasionally antibiotics required (amoxycillin)

Question 12

how can prostate disease make passing urine difficult?

Answer 12

the urethra passes through the prostate gland, any enlargement compresses urethra and makes passing urine more difficult

Question 13

what is prostatitis

Answer 13

inflammation of the prostate

Question 14

what is a benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 14

hyperplasia of the prostate

Question 15

what is prostatic cancer?

Answer 15

adenocarcinoma

Question 16

what symptoms are there with benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 16

slow stream, hesitancy, frequency, urgency, nocturia, incomplete voiding

Question 17

what treatment options are there for benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 17

drugs and surgery

Question 18

what drugs are used for benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 18

alpha blocking drugs, anticholinergic, diuretics

Question 19

what surgeries are there for benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 19

TURP - transurethral prostatectomy, robot assisted prostatectomy, open prostatectomy

Question 20

describe a transurethral prostatectomy

Answer 20

access prostate through urethra, catheter followed by a trocar removing parts of the prostate from inside the urethra

Question 21

what are the advantages of robot surgery?

Answer 21

incontinence and impotence less likely

Question 22

when does prostatic malignancy occur?

Answer 22

after age 45

Question 23

what screening tests are done for prostate cancer?

Answer 23

PSA (prostate specific antigen) blood test, mpMRI

Question 24

what are the treatments for prostatic malignancy?

Answer 24

surgery, radiotherapy, hormone treatment

Question 25

where can renal calculi be present?

Answer 25

in kidney and in bladder

Question 26

what are the types of calculi?

Answer 26

calcium and oxalate (radiopaque) and uric acid (not radiopaque)

Question 27

what do you treat renal calculi with?

Answer 27

lithotrypsy

Question 28

what does lithotrypsy do?

Answer 28

uses sound waves to break stones into small fragments to aid ability to pass down through ureter