Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Burt's Renal Final > Renal Immuno > Flashcards

Renal Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

How do you define AKI

A

Rapid decrease in kidney function as measured by an increase in serum creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Impairment of kidney filtration is activated by ______________ in vascular and tubular cells

A

ATP depletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of kidney hypoperfusion

A

Sepsis, medications, decreased effective circulating volume, hypotension, hepatorenal syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Kidney injury that doesn’t heal correctly can lead to

A

Renal tissue fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is kidney damage hard to track

A

Often not identified until 60-70% of kidney has been damaged beyond repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main cause of kidney injury that we look at

A

Ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general inflammation cascade

A
  1. Ischemic event
  2. Cytokine release
  3. Expression of adhesion molecules
  4. Increased permeability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to small arterioles in post-ischemic kidney disease

A

They vasoconstrict due to decreased production of NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the inflammatory cytokines that we are looking at

A

TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Besides inflammation, what else does small vessel occlusion lead to

A

Activation of the coagulation system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main end-effects of ischemic AKI

A
  1. Reduced GFR
  2. High FE_Na
  3. Concentrating defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main signal of sterile inflammation

A

Release of DAMPs or ALARMINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main DAMPs released by parenchymal cells

A

HMGB1 (nucleolus), uric acid, HSPs (heat shock proteins from exosomes), Hyaluronans in ECM, S100 protein in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are DAMPs recognized by? What does this activate

A

TLR; NF-κB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What TLR recognizes DAMPs

A

TLR-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cells in the inflammation process migrate to LN

A

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do dendritic cells function in

A

Acute kidney injury and infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of macrophages in acute kidney injury

A

Continue to present signals to T cells to keep them active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What induces M1 macrophages

A

PAMPs/DAMPs, IFN-γ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of macrophages are in charge of the acute phase

A

M1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do M1 macrophages primarily produce

A

ROS, NO, lysosomal enzymes, IL-1, IL-12, IL-23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What induces M2 macrophages

A

IL-13 and IL-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do M2 macrophages produce

A

TGFβ and IL-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does TGFβ do

A

Serves as a chemotractant for repair cells (fibroblasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What cells predominate in the M1 response

A

Neutrophil, NK cell, Th1/17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What cells predominate in the M2 response

A

Th2 and Treg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the severity of the immune response depend on?

A

The ratio of M1:M2 cells that respond

28
Q

What has shown the best results as a renal disease inhibitor

A

Complement inhibitors; anti-C5

29
Q

Deficiency of what has protected mice from ischemic injuries? What worked the best

A

C3a receptor or C5a receptor; C5a receptor

30
Q

How do we determine degree of complement activation

A

changes in level of C3 and C4 in blood (C3 being highest); C3a and C5a in the urine or plasma

31
Q

What type of cells are rarely found in healthy kidney tissue

A

Mast cells

32
Q

What are the main causes of fibrosis in kidneys

A

TGFβ and Ang II

33
Q

What can also generate Ang II besides ACE

A

Chymase

34
Q

What participate in tissue remodeling

A

Tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase A

35
Q

What influences T cells to become Th1

A

IL-12

36
Q

What influences T cells to become Th2

A

IL-4

37
Q

What influences T cells to become Treg

A

TGFβ

38
Q

What influences T cells to become Th17

A

TGFβ and IL-6

39
Q

What do Th1 cells produce

A

IFNγ and T-bet

40
Q

What do Th2 cells produce

A

IL-4 and GATA3

41
Q

What do Tregs produce

A

TGFβ and FoxP3

42
Q

What do Th17 cells produce

A

IL-17 and RORγT

43
Q

Early stages of the adaptive immune response are mediated by

A

Th17

44
Q

At later stages of the adaptive immune response, what cells are prevailing

A

Th1

45
Q

What do Th1 produce and what do they activate

A

IFNγ; resident macrophages

46
Q

The outcome of the inflammatory disease depends on

A

The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cells

47
Q

What recruits neutrophils

A

IL-17

48
Q

What do Th17 produce that recruits monocytes and Th1 cells

A

CCL20

49
Q

What switches M1 macrophages to M2

A

Treg

50
Q

Type II hypersensitivity is what

A

Ab against tissue Ags and complement

51
Q

What are type III hypersensitivities

A

Soluble Ag-Ab complexes

52
Q

What can increase the likelihood of successful xenografts

A

Inserting human genes

53
Q

When is ABO matching not important

A

Non-vascularized tissues

  • corneal transplants
  • heart valve transplantation
  • bone and tendon grafts
54
Q

ABO incompatibility is/isn’t important in stem cell transplants

A

Isn’t

55
Q

What is the universal recipient

A

AB; they have no AB in their blood

56
Q

What is the universal donor

A

O; they don’t have an Ag present

57
Q

Why are class 1 HLA so important for transplantation

A

All cells have type 1

58
Q

What cells don’t express type 1 HLA

A

RBC and platelets

59
Q

What makes it difficult for a mother to receive transplant from her kids

A

Pregnancy has induced HLA sensitization

60
Q

How do we test HLA 1? 2?

A

Measure intracellular dye after exposing them to different ABs in serum; proliferation of cells

61
Q

What causes direct allorecognition? Indirect?

A

Donor dendritic cells activate host T cells and you get direct CTL killing; recipient DC samples graft and activates response and you get Ab and inflammatory cytokines

62
Q

Direct rejection v. Indirect

A

Direct - CTL

Indirect - CD4+ and Ab

63
Q

What causes humoral rejection

A

Th2

64
Q

What causes cellular rejection

A

Th1

65
Q

What causes hyperacute rejection? Accelerated? Acute? Chronic?

A

Preformed Ab and complement; reactivation of sensitized T cells; primary activation of T cells; immunologic and non-immunologic factors alike

66
Q

How are host v. graft carried out

A

FasL and Fas; binding of perforin and granzyme

67
Q

What is graft v. host disease

A

Donor APC activate donor CD8

Burt's Renal Final (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions