Renal hopefully simple Flashcards

To learn the very basics

1
Q

What is this presentation:

pain in suprapubic area especially when passing urine
frequency
smelly urine

A

UTI

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2
Q

What investigations for UTI

A
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3
Q

How to treat a UTI

A
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4
Q

presentation of UTI in the very young or very old?

A

very young = failure to thrive

very old = incontinence, off their feet, confused

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5
Q

what percentage of cardiac output is renal blood flow

A

25% ish

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6
Q

In a mid stream culture of urine, what number of bacteria usually demonstrates infection?

A

ten to the power of five bacteria per milliliter

borderline 3/4

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7
Q

What flora usually causes UTI?

A

Usually gut flora, often E Coli

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8
Q

definition of cystitis

A

bladder wall inflammation

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9
Q

acute pyelonephritis =

A

inflammation of kidney

there are neutrophils in the kidney tubules and they’re eating bacteria in the tubules

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10
Q

After obstruction at level of ureter: what does bilateral hydro-ureter and hydro-nephrosis lead to?

A

chronic renal failure

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11
Q

what’s hydronephrosis

A

dilated calyces

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12
Q

vesocoureteric reflux you can be born with. whats happening in it?

A

Well, the ureter enters the bladder almost at a right angle, so there may be urine fluxing backwards.

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13
Q

why is infection more common in people with spinal cord or brain injury?

A

Because of loss of sensory neurons = don’t urinate straight away, = stasis of urine

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14
Q

how can calculi lead to high blood pressure?

A

obstructino leads to static urine leads to hydronephriitis leads to damage leads to hypertension and thus chronic renal failure

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15
Q

what are mesangial cells?

A

tree like cells that support capillaries

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16
Q

4 common presentations of glomerulnephritis

A
17
Q

difference between nephrotic and nephritic glomerular disease?

A
18
Q

sharp aim for nephritis please

A
19
Q

IgA is what please

A
20
Q

Treat for IgA nephritis how please

A

By controlling other things that could damage the kidneys, such as:

high cholesterol and high blood pressure

so:
ACE inhibitors and also corticosteroids for the inflammation in the kidneys

21
Q

how is nephrotic classed in regards to protienuria and serum albumin levels

A

proteinuria = more than 3.5g loss a day
serum albumin levels = less than 30g per litre

22
Q

The vast majority of glomerulonephritis cases require what for diagnosis

A

A kidney biopsy, and then they are classified based on biopsy findings.

23
Q

why cough in nephritis

A

fluid build up in the lungs

24
Q

definition of proteinuria

A

urinary protein excretion = 150mg /day.

25
Q

why might have occurred to have caused uteric/iatrogenic trauma to the uterers?

A

accidentally cut during an operation eg hysterectomy or colon resection

26
Q

What are the 4 essential features of acute urinary retention?

A

painful
palpable bladder
inability to urinate
percussioble bladder

27
Q
A