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Renal > Renal Histo_Jennes > Flashcards

Renal Histo_Jennes Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney is a _ organ that has fused from up to 18 lobes. Each lobe is a conical mass, or , of medullary tisue () capped by _.

A

Multilobar. Pyramid. Medulla, Cortex

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2
Q

Individual lobes are defined laterally by the position of the __ which are partitions of cortical tissue that extend between lobes and penetrate the medulla.

A

renal columns

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3
Q

Extensions of striated medullary tissue project into the cortex as _ _

A

medullary rays

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4
Q

List the component parts of a nephron

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  3. loop of Henle
  4. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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5
Q

Where are the three types of nephrons located? What implication does this have on their loops of Henle?

A
  1. Cortical nephrons: have short LOH extending into outer regions of medullary pyramid.
  2. Juxtamedullary: close to medulla and have long LOH that extend well into the pyramid
  3. Intermediate: mid-region of cortex, intermediated sized loops.
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6
Q

where might collecting tubules be located?

A

In renal pyramids

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7
Q

where do collecting tubules terminate?

A

Collecting ducts/tubules terminate in the papillary ducts/renal papilla

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8
Q

where does newly formed urine go after it passes through the collecting duct?

A

Minor calicies

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9
Q

What composes a renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus: tuft of capillaries

Bowmen’s capsule: filtration membrane (visceral and parietal layers)

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10
Q

What cells comprise the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule (glomerular epithelium)?

A

Podocyte cells (Specialized simple squamous)

Parietal layer is simple squamous

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11
Q

what cell types would be found in a renal corpuscle? what is the function of each? Where is it located?

A
  1. Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries: size and charge exclusion (pre-filter), excludes RBCs and platelets. fenestrated with pores 70-90 nm in diameter. Coated in negatively charged heparan sulfate.
  2. Basement Membrane: produced by both endothelial cells and podocytes.
  3. Podocytes (visceral layer of Bowmen’s capsule): Numerous actin microfilaments that regulate the size of the filtration slits, normall 25 nm.
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12
Q

What is the filtration slit?

A

spaces between the interdigitating pedicels (podocyte minor processes)

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13
Q

what crosses the filtration slit?

A

filtrate

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14
Q

What are the 3 specific components of the glomerular basement membrane?

A
  1. Lamina rara interna: adjacent to capillary endothelium
  2. Lamina rara externa: adjacent to the podocyte processes
  3. Lamina densa: intermediate, electron dense layer. Contains concentrated Type IV collagen as a physical barrier to prevent passage of proteins bigger than 70kDa
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15
Q

What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)?

A

It is the main filtration barrier, acting as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter.

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16
Q

What is contained in the initial portion of the distal convoluted tubule? What is it’s function?

A

the macula densa is contained in the initial portion of the DCT. The macula densa detects decrease in [NaCl] in DCT:

  1. it decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles via vasodilation, which increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps return glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) toward normal
  2. it increases renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles
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17
Q

What keeps the GBM free of debris?

A

Mesangial cells

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18
Q

What are the functions of the mesangial cells?

A
  1. Phagocytosis: remove debris and proteins aggregates from the GBM to keep the filter clear.
  2. Structural support: for podocytes where the BM is absent or incomplete.
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19
Q

What specific layer of the GBM are responsible for the selective filtration of ions? of macromolecules?

A

(he didn’t say)

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20
Q

Which cell type secretes new basal lamina to repair damage to the GBM?

A

Podocytes

21
Q

Where are mesangial cells located?

A

In the renal corpuscle, enclosed by the basal lamina of glomerular endothelial cells.

22
Q

What is another name for mesangial cells elsewhere? where are they located?

A

Lacis cells

Lacis cells are extraglomerular mesangial cells that form part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

23
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Tall, narrow simple cuboidal epithelium. Densely nucleated, part of the wall of the initial portion of the DCT as it passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

24
Q

Where is the macula densa located?

A

The wall of the DCT closest to the glomerulus as it passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

25
Q

Where is the JG apparatus located?

A

Beside the glomerulus at the vascular pole between the afferent, efferent arterioles, and DCT.

26
Q

What are the component parts of the JG apparatus/complex?

A
  1. Macula densa in the wall of the DCT
  2. JG cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole.

These are modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of the afferent arteriole, they secrete RENIN

  1. Extraglomerular mesangial (lacis) cells
27
Q

What is the function of the JG apparatus?

A

To regulate blood pressure.

JC cells secrete renin to increase BP in response to low NaCl in the DCT.

28
Q

How does the JG apparatus work?

A

Macula densa cells detect NaCl (Cl specifically). In response to low NaCl, the macula densa stimulates JC cells to secrete renin to increase BP.

29
Q

What are the distinguishing morphological features of the proximal convoluted tubule (4)?

A
  1. More numerous profiles observed (longest part of the tubule.
  2. cells are larger and are generally more darkly stained.
  3. cells are wider with spherical nucleus and INDISTINCT lateral cell borders due to numerous cell membrane interdigitations.
  4. Resorptive luminal surface bears microvili (brush border)
30
Q

Where would the majority of the loop of Henle be located?

A

Medulla

31
Q

Describe the appearance of the wall of the LOH.

A
  1. Thick descending
  2. Thin descending portion
  3. Thin ascending portion
  4. Thick ascending portion (beginning of convoluted tubule)
32
Q

What other structure(s) have an intimate relationship with the thin portion of the LOH?

A
  1. Capillaries
  2. The collecting duct
  3. The thick ascending duct of LOH
33
Q

How can you tell the capillaries from the thin loop of Henle?

A

The thin wall of LOH has a narrow lumen composed of simple squamous epithelial cells. It can be distinguished from the surrounding capillaries by the lack of RBCs.

34
Q

How do x-sections of DCT and PCT differ?

A

DCT: more nuclei, more distinct edges, no microvili
PCT: more numerous on x-section, larger, more darkly stained cells, indistinct edges, brushborder

35
Q

Of what are collecting tubules composed?

A

Initially of simple cubodial epithelial cells, but become more columnar as they approach the renal papilla.

36
Q

where are the collecting tubules located?

A

In the medullary rays of the cortex and extend through the medullary pyramids and open on the renal papilla

37
Q

What happens to the urine as it passes through the collecting ducts?

A

Urine becomes more concentrated as water and NaCl are resorped. Composed of:

  1. Principle cells (reabsorb Na and water and secrete K)
  2. Intercalated cells (secrete H or HCO3, reabsorb K)
38
Q

What are vasa recta and where specifically are they located?

A

a subset of peritubular capillaries derived from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons, they run parallel to LOH in the renal medulla

39
Q

List the arterial pathway from the abdominal aorta to the glomerulus.

A

AA -> Renal a. -> Segmental a. -> Interlobar a -> Arcuate a. -> Interlobular a. -> Afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus

40
Q

List the pathway of blood from the efferent arteriole to the inferior vena cava.

A

Efferent arteriole -> either Peritubular capillaries or Vasa Recta -> Interlobular v. -> Arcuate v. -> Interlobar v. -> Renal v. -> IVC

41
Q

How many capillary beds are traversed in renal blood return pathway? Name them. Why is this unusual?

A
  1. Peritubular capillaries: allow resistance upstream and downstream of the glomerular capillaries to be regulated, critical for controlling filtration.
  2. Vasa Recta: peritubular capillaries derived from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons, run parallel to LOH, critical role in maintaining hypertonicity of the renal medulla.
42
Q

What is the specific function of vasa recta?

A

maintain hypertonicity of the renal medulla.

43
Q

What specific type of epithelium lines the urinary passagesways?

A

Urothelium

44
Q

Does the ureter exhibit a submucosa?

A

No. Mucosa, Muscularis, and Adventitia

45
Q

How are the smooth muscle layers of the ureter wall arranged?

A

The thick muscular coat of smooth muscle is arranged in a helical fashion.

46
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Collect urine and hold it until micturition.

47
Q

What is the specific function of peritubular capillaries?

A

Control filtration by allowing resistance upstream and downstream of the glomerular capillaries to be regulated,

48
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the collecting duct?

A

Metanephric blastema

unlike the rest of the collecting system which is derived from the ureteric buds

Renal (6 decks)

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