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Kidneys > Renal Hist > Flashcards

Renal Hist Flashcards

1
Q

What projects out of the hilum of the kidney?

A

Ureter

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2
Q

What are the two zones of the kidney?

A

Outer - Cortex

Inner - Medulla

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3
Q

What is located at the border between the medulla and cortex?

A

The arcuate vessels (they form the boundary)

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4
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

Between 0.3 and 1.5 million

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5
Q

What is located on the outside of the kidney?

A

Thin connective tissue capsule

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6
Q

What is located in the cortex?

A
  •  Blood vessels
  •  Tubules
  •  Renal corpuscles
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7
Q

Where are the vessels located in the cortex?

A

They are jammed in between the tubules and the corpuscles. It is a highly vascularised structure

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8
Q

Where are the renal corpuscles located?

A

All of them are in the cortex

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9
Q

Where does part does the tubule follow?

A

The first part always runs in the cortex (it is usually quite a tortuous path) it then turns and runs into the medulla (loop of Henle) before turning and upwards and returning to the cortex and eventually connecting to the collecting duct

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10
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  1.  Juxta medullary

2.  Cortical

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11
Q

What is distinctive about the juxta medullary corpuscle?

A

The renal corpuscle is very close to the boundary of the medulla
AND
The tubule goes the furthest down into the medulla

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12
Q

Percentage juxta medullary vs Cortical?

A

15 vs 85

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13
Q

What is distinctive about the cortical nephron?

A

More superficial renal corpuscle

Loop which descends only part way into the medulla

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14
Q

How much connective tissue is found in the kidney?

A

Very little connective tissue

It is mainly just nephrons and blood vessels packed in together as tightly as possible

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15
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

It is a tuft of capillaries connected to an arteriole

It doesn’t penetrate into the lumen of the tubule but is rather wrapped up in it

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16
Q

What are the cells of the outermost layer of the corpuscle called?

A

The parietal layer

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17
Q

What are the cells of the punched in section of the corpscle called?

A

Podocytes

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18
Q

What is Bowman’s space?

A

A space which is continuous with the lumen of the tubule and is wrapped around the capillaries

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19
Q

What do mesangial cells do?

A

They are a little like connective tissue - they provide the mechanical tension which pulls the base of the tuft of capillaries together

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20
Q

Where does the ultrafiltrate accumulate?

A

In Bowman’s space crosses the capillaries, across the podocytes and enters into Bowman’s space

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21
Q

What is Bowman’s space continuous with?

A

The lumen of the tubule

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22
Q

Where are the vascular and urinary poles of the corpuscle?

A

180 degrees away from each other

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23
Q

What type of cells are the parietal cells of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Squamous cells

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24
Q

What type of cells are the tubules composed of?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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25
Q

What do podocytes do?

A 
They branch (a lot)
Eventually they interdigitate (there are little cracks here)
Much of the surface is covered by the arms and processes of the podocytes
26
Q

Where is the ultra-filtrate formed?

A

The cracks in the interdigitations of the filtrate

Glycocalyx and slit membranes

27
Q

What happens to the basal lamina of the podocytes and that of the capillary?

A

They fuse to form a thick basal lamina

28
Q

What is the biggest molecule that is able to cross the basal lamina?

A

Basal lamina traps molecules above 69kD

29
Q

What is in the slit membrane?

A

Tiny pores - only a few nm across, this also acts as a filter

30
Q

Describe the steps of movement from the capillary to Bowman’s space?

A

Cross the fenestrations in capillary
Cross the basal lamina (less than 69kD in size)
Cross the slit membrane (3-5nm)
Enter Bowman’s space

31
Q

What type of epithelium is seen in the proximal tubule?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

32
Q

What is seen on the surface of the cuboidal epithelium?

A

Microvilli

33
Q

What is seen at the boundaries between cells

A

Complex interdigitating cell boundaries.

Presumably to prevent the ultrafiltrate from entering into the intracellular space

34
Q

What transporters are seen on the basal surface of the cells of the proximal tubule?

A

Na+K+ATPases (pumps)

35
Q

What effect do the Na+K+ATPases have on the movement of Na+, Cl- and Water out of the lumen?

A

Na+K+ATPases move sodium out of the cell making the concentration of Na+ low.
Sodium thus moves by diffusion across the apex of the cell (down the concentration gradient) into the cytoplasm before it it pumped out.
Their is now an electrotonic imbalance and chloride follows passively.
The movement of Cl- and Na+ then drives water across the membrane as well

36
Q

What is a prominent feature of cells of the proximal tubule?

A

They have lots of mitochondria (i.e. they require a lot of energy to perform their function)

37
Q

What types of epithelial cells are seen in the loop of Henle?

A

Squamous cells

38
Q

What is the loop of Henle permeable to?

A

Permeable to urea and water

39
Q

Are the cells of the loop of Henle using any active processes to move water and urea?

A

No - it is all passive

Also the permeability changes in different regions of the loop

40
Q

What type of cells make up the distal tubules?

A

Cuboidal cells

41
Q

Are the cells of the distal tubule active?

A

Yes - lots of mitochondria (even more)

The concentration gradients are harder to deal with so even more energy is required to get work done

42
Q

Do the cells of the distal tubule have microvilli?

A

No

43
Q

What is recovered in the distal tubule?

A

Chloride and sodium

Impermeable to water and urea

44
Q

What are the distinctive features of the collecting duct?

A

Cuboidal cells

Very large lumen

45
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct normally?

A

It is merely a conducting tube

It is impermeable to water and urea

46
Q

What happens to the collecting duct when there is body wide dehydration?

A

Under the action of vasopressin the wall can become permeable to water

47
Q

Which nephrons can make urine more osmotically concentrated then the blood?

A

Only the juxtamedullary nephrons

48
Q

What dos the efferent arteriole form?

A

A network of fine capillaries called the vasa recta

49
Q

What is the role of the vasa recta?

A

They carry away all of the products which have been recovered from the tubule

50
Q

What is seen in cross section of the medulla?

A

Tubules everywhere and blood vessels
• Thin and thick walled loops of Henle
• Collecting ducts
• Capillaries of vasa recta

51
Q

What is the role of the ureter?

A

Conducts urine from kidney to bladder

52
Q

What type of epithelium lines the UT after the kidney?

A

Transitional epithelium

It is stratified and the apical cells have a balloon like shape

53
Q

What is the role of the transitional epithelium?

A

It is designed to keep it well away from the rest of the body - it can be a dangerous substance if it comes into contact with the rest of the body

54
Q

What moves urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

The ureter has a thick muscularis of smooth muscle which moves urine in peristaltic waves

55
Q

Does the kidney like backpressure?

A

Nah it hates it :) need thus need to move urine away and do so in peristaltic waves

56
Q

What lines the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

57
Q

What controls the bladder?

A

ANS
Two modes:
Filling mode
Emptying mode

58
Q

What happens in the bladder in ‘filling mode’?

A

Relax the smooth muscle
Constrict the sphincter

This minimises the pressure in the bladder as it fills

59
Q

What happens to the bladder in ‘emptying mode’?

A

Smooth muscle contraction
Sphincter relaxation

Micturitional voiding

60
Q

Where does the urethra penetrate?

A

The pelvic floor, which acts as a sphincter

61
Q

What type of epithelium lines the urethra?

A

Initially transitional and then stratified squamous

Kidneys (15 decks)

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