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Renal > Renal Function 1 > Flashcards

Renal Function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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2
Q

Nephron:

A

blind-ended tube that has a cup at one end that holds the capillaries​ which the fluid is filtered

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3
Q

Where does the filtering apparatus​ sit?

A

In the cortex

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4
Q

Describe what is happening in red ​circle?

A

That is where the capillaries​ come up against cup which is blind end to tube

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5
Q

Blood supply to the nephron - how is it unique from other tissues?

A

It has 2 sets of capillaries in a series:
1. Afferent arteriole: that goes to the glomerular capillaries
2. Efferent arterioles: that go​ to the peritubular capillaries

**On either side of capillary bed

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6
Q

Resistance inflow:

A

drops pressure​ in capillaries

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7
Q

Resistance outflow:

A

increases pressure in capillaries

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8
Q

Glomerulus capillaries vs capillaries in skin and muscle?

A

Glomerular capillaries operate at high pressure (5x higher) compared to capillaries in skin and muscle

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9
Q

Why is the pressure so high in the glomerular​ capillaries?

A

It is needed to form a filtrate

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10
Q

Which arteriole goes IN?

A

afferent arteriole

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11
Q

Which arteriole goes OUT?

A

efferent anteriole

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12
Q

Term referred to as the “cup”

A

bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

What is contained​ in the glomeruli?

A

Whole capsule including capillaries inside Bowman’s capsule.

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14
Q

Bowman’s capsule is filled with?

A

tightly​ coiled network of capilaries

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15
Q

3 cell types in the glomerulues?

A
  1. Podocytes
  2. Endothelial cells
  3. Mesangial cells
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16
Q

Pododcytes:

A
  • visceral (thin) epithelium)
  • stabilize structure​
  • make basement membranes
  • contract ( can change permeability​ of filter)
  • foot processes form ‘silt pores’
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17
Q

endothelial cells of glomeruli​ tissues:

A
  • layer gaps between tissues
  • permeable to fluid
  • make basement membrane
  • surface glyco-calyx may be important
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18
Q

mesangial cells:

A
  • Phagocytic cells (keep filter clean, prevent clogging)
  • located between capillaries
  • make mesangial matrix
  • contractile
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19
Q

Glomerular basement membrane:

A
  • made of structural proteins
  • macromolecules present ( Type IV collagen = strength, proteoglycan = repel -VE charged proteins)
  • these glycoproteins self-aggregate
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20
Q

Determinants of Glomerulus filtration rate: How quickly they form in each tubule

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure
  • Colloid osmotic pressure
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21
Q

More tissue fluid = more concentration - How does this affect colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure rises as it moves along the length of the capillaries

Hydrostatic Pressure drops and fluid is lost from the capillary

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22
Q

Where does fluid tend to move back into the capillaries?

A

Venous end

23
Q

Where is the hydrostatic​ pressure always higher that the colloid osmotic pressure?

A

At the afferent arterial end of the capillary

24
Q

Hydrostatic preesur​e Is the difference​ between

A

Is the differnce between the fluid inside the capillary and fluid pressure in the tubule

25
Q

Colloidal osmotic pressure is exerted by?

A

proteins that remain​ in the capillary ( very little protein in filtrate)

26
Q

What does this graph show?

A

The net hydrostatic pressure always exceeds the net osmotic pressure

**The Single nephron Glomular Filtration rate (SNGFR) is mostly influenced by glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and the ultrafiltration coefficient​

27
Q

Filtartion faction =

A

GFR/ Renal plasma flow (RPF) x 100%

28
Q

Changed in GFR would affect?

A

tubular​ workload

29
Q

How is GFR stabilzed?

A

via autoregulation
- stable over perfusion pressures of 70 to 120
- see very little change in RPF and GFR

30
Q

Mechanisms for autoregulation: Myogenic tone

A

afferent​ arteriole constricts in response to stretch (increase in blood pressure)
- protects capillaries from 2 high of a rise in pressure

31
Q

What type of ions are sensed by macula densa?

A

chloride ions

32
Q

Mechanisms for autoregulation: Tubuloglomerular feedback

A
  • Cl sensed by macula densa
    If high: afferent constricts​ and efferent relaxes
    If low: afferent relaxes and efferent constricts
33
Q

If resistance on Afferent arterial goes up then?

A

filtration goes down

34
Q

If resistance on the efferent side goes up then​?

A

filtartion rate goes up

35
Q

Macula densa mediators/ signals: adenosine

A
  • High Cl increases adenosine release
36
Q

local mediater that constricts afferent arteriole?

A

adenosine

37
Q

Inhibits renin secretion from afferent arterioles​ cells that have renin stored in granules within them

A

adenosine

38
Q

What happens if Cl is low?

A

Nitric oxide and prostaglandins​ are released

39
Q

What affect does nitric oxide have on afferent arteriole​?

A
  • relaxes afferent arteriole
  • stimulates renin secretion (possibly via prostaglandins​ production)
40
Q

Renin is an enzyme that?

A

reacts to produce angitension 2 locally within kidney

41
Q

Renin is secreted by ___ in response to ___

A

modified smooth muscle cells of AA in response​ to stretch

42
Q

Renin is secreted by ___ in response to ___

A

modified smooth muscle cells of AA in response​ - to stretch
- No and prostoglandins
- Sympathetic nerves stimulation to kidney

43
Q

Explain the renin-angiotensin​ system:

A

Renin cleaves angiotensinogen –> forms Angiotensin I

Angiotensin I is cleaved by Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) –> forms angiotensin II

Angiotensin II constricts the efferent arteriole ONLY, enhances Na+ and water absorptions by proximal convoluted​ tubule

44
Q

Where does fine control of electrolytes and fluid volume happen?

A

distal tubule

45
Q

PGE2 and PGI2:

A
  • vasodilators (as is Nitric Acid)
  • signal renin release
  • protects against vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole when BP drops (maintains Blood flow to the kidney)
  • important drugs used clinically to inhibit the ​formation of prostaglandins
46
Q

Where does ultrafiltration occur?

A

via the glomerules: endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes

47
Q

GFR is a fuctional measure of?

A

number of nephrons in kidneys ( each one has its own GFR)

48
Q

The kidney filters the amount based on?

A

the number of functioning nephrons in that kidney

49
Q

Filtration rate is regulated to give ?

A

a stable filtered load for the tubules to work on

50
Q

concept of renal clearance:

A

volume of plasma cleared in order to provide amount of substance in the urine per unit of time

51
Q

concept of renal clearance:

A

volume of plasma cleared in order to provide amount of substance in the urine per unit of time
- Used to measue GFR

52
Q

Clearance can be used to measure GFR if the ​substance is:

A
  • freely filtered
  • not reabsorbed
  • not secreted
52
Q

Clearance can be used to measure GFR if the ​substance is:

A
  • freely filtered
  • not reabsorbed
  • not secreted
53
Q

Clearance can be used to measure GFR if the ​substance is:

A
  • freely filtered
  • not reabsorbed
  • not secreted

Renal (5 decks)

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