Renal Final Clicker Q's Flashcards
Juxtamedullary nephrons are distinct from cortical nephrons in that they
Have significantly longer loop of Henle (and descent deeper into the medulla)
Name the muscle responsible for contraction of the bladder:
Detrusor
When a patient is in standing position, approximately where should the kidneys be located?
Between L1 and L4
The bladder is innervated by the ___ nerve cord segments?
S2 and S3
The externa sphincter is controlled by the _____ nerve
Pudendal
What starts the micturition reflex?
Sensory stretch receptors in the bladder wall
Water will move across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of ____ water concentration to a region that has a ____ water concentration
HIGH to LOW
The most variable source of water lost from the human body is water lost via:
Urine (water excreted via kidneys)
The membranes of the glomerulus carry a negative charge to help prevent the passage of:
Proteins
How many layers are present at the glomerular capillary membrane?
3
How are the capillaries of nephrons different from others in the body?
They are three layers of material (instead of 2)
Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating the filtration fraction?
FF=GRF/RPF
Colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus is proportional to the concentration of:
Proteins in the bloodstream
Tubular reabsorption is *Glomerular filtration is non-selective
Highly selective
In the proximal tubule, reabsorption of sodium from filtrate into the tubular cells uses
Diffusion
Proteins and amino acids are reabsorbed from the filtrate via:
Pinocytosis
The limit to the rate at which a solute can be transported during active reabsorption or secretion is the:
Transport maximum
Which portion of the loop of henle is impermeable to water?
Thick ascending
In which portion ff the loop of henle do we see significant active transport of sodium?
Thick ascending
How has the osmolatiry of filtrate changed when it reaches the end of the proximal tubule?
It has stayed the same
What will happen to reabsorption rates if we raise peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys?
Decrease
What is the primary function of ADH (vasopressin)?
Help the body retain water
How has the osmolarity of the filtrate changed from initial formation to when it reaches the bottom of the loop of henle?
Increased
___ may be recycled many times between the medulla tissue and the filtrate in the renal tubule?
Urea
Besides color, what is one clinical test that could be performed to determine urine concentration levels?
Urine specific gravity
Which of the following is NOT a systemic change the body uses to maintain extracellular fluid balance?
Change fluid intake
An increase in blood pressure leading to an increase in the volume of urine excretion is called?
Pressure diuresis
A person who is salt-sensitive sees a _____ increase in blood pressure with ____ salt intake?
Large increase in BP with very little salt intake
Increasing the levels of ADH in your bloodstream will lead to _____ reabsorption of water in the kidneys?
Increased
When you have leakage of fluid from the circulatory system into extracellular spaces, the kidneys will react by____?
Reabsorbing additional water
The majority (~65%) of potassium reabsorption in the kidneys occurs in the ______?
Proximal tubule
When there is potassium depletion in the body, there will be additional potassium reabsorption in the ______?
Intercalated cells
Acute acidosis will result in ____ potassium secretion and chronic acidosis will result in _______ potassium secretion?
Acute= decreased K+ secretion, chronic= increased K+ secretion
Approximately how much of the calcium filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the kidneys?
99%
Magnesium removal from the blood stream occurs primarily at the:
Glomerular capsule
The majority of phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys occurs in the:
Proximal tubule
If a person’s blood pH drops below 7.4 they have:
Acidosis
Most HCO3 reabsorption occurs in the______?
Proximal tubule
Primary active transport of H+ occurs in the ________ cells
Intercalated cells
The primary amino acid used for gluconeogenesis in the kidneys is_____?
Glutamine
Regardless of the type, diuretics act on the nephrons of the kidneys to_____?
Increase urine volume output
Hyponatremia can be dangerous because it can cause cells to_____?
Swell
A key distinction between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome is the presence of ____ in the urine in a person with nephritic syndrome
Nephritic= blood (also has proteins but blood is specific to nephritic)
If left untreated, cystitis could result in_______?
Polycystic kidney disease
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is entirely a _____ disease
Genetic
The purpose of dialysis is to
Replace kidney function
Currently, the most common case of chronic kidney disease is:
Diabetes
