Renal failure

Question 1

Pre-renal causes of renal failure

Answer 1

Shock
  Renal Vascular
  RAS
  Toxins: NSAIDs, ACEi   Thrombosis
  Hepatorenal syn.

Question 2

Renal causes of renal failure

Answer 2

Glomerulonephritis
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Interstitial disease

Question 3

Post-renal causes of renal failure

Answer 3

SNIPPIN
  Stone
  Neoplasm
  Inflammation: stricture
  Prostatic hypertrophy
  Posterior urethral valves
  Infection: TB, schisto
  Neuro: post-op, neuropathy

Question 4

6 presentations of renal failure

Answer 4

Uraemia
Anaemia
Acidosis
Vit d deficiency
Hyperkalaemia
Protein loss and Na+ retention

Question 5

Symptoms of Uraemia

Answer 5

Pruritus
n/v, anorexia, wt. loss Lethargy
Confusion
Restless legs
Metallic taste Paraesthesia: neuropathy Bleeding
Chest pain: serositis Hiccoughs

Question 6

Signs of uraemia

Answer 6

Pale, sallow skin
Striae
Pericardial or plueral rub Fits
Coma

Question 7

Symptoms of protein loss and Na+

Answer 7

Polyuria, polydipsia Oliguria, anuria Breathlessness

Question 8

Signs of protein loss and Na+

Answer 8

Oedema
↑ JVP
HTN (or ↓BP)

Question 9

Symptoms of Acidosis

Answer 9

Breathlessness Confusion

Question 10

Signs of Acidosis

Answer 10

Kussmaul respiration

Question 11

Symptoms of hyperkalaemia

Answer 11

Palpitations Chest pain Weakness

Question 12

Signs of hyperkalaemia

Answer 12

Peaked T waves Flattened P waves
↑ PR interval
Widened QRS Sine-wave pattern → VF

Question 13

Symptoms of anaemia

Answer 13

Breathlessness Lethargy Faintness Tinnitus

Question 14

Signs of anaemia

Answer 14

Pallor
Tachycardia
Flow mumurs (ESM @ apex)

Question 15

Symptoms of vit d def

Answer 15

Bone pain #s

Question 16

Signs of vit d def

Answer 16

Osteomalacia

- Looser’s zones (pseudo#s) - Cupped mataphyses