renal endocrine function

Question 1

Where is erythropoietin produced and what is its size?

Answer 1

The kidney, 34kDa

Question 2

What stimulates production of erythropoietin?

Answer 2

Hypoxia

Question 3

What are the HIF1 proteins?

Answer 3

Hypoxia inducible factor- two types alpha and beta. in normal aerobic conditions are hydroxylated and degraded. In hypoxia conditions, not hydroxylated, can bind to CREB binding protein and HIF1alpha dimerises with HIF1beta, activates EPO gene in nucleus.

Question 4

What is the function of EPO?

Answer 4

Stimulate stem cells to differentiate into proerythroblasts

Question 5

What kind of oxygen levels would you have as a chronic bronchitic?

Answer 5

Low, so more HIF1alpha present, so have a higher haematocrit

Question 6

Where is calcitonin produced?

Answer 6

parafollicular C cells of the thyroid

Question 7

When is parathyroid hormone released?

Answer 7

in response to low plasma calcium levels

Question 8

What causes hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 8

Tumour of the parathyroid gland, mutation in the ca2+ receptor

Question 9

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 9

Inhibit PTH, inhibit vitamin D production

Question 10

Where does magnesium absorption occur?

Answer 10

thick ascending limb

Question 11

what is the action of prostaglandins?

Answer 11

To decrease blood pressure