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CPR Test 2 > Renal embryology > Flashcards

Renal embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what embryo disc layer does the urinary system and genital system develop from?

which develops first?

A

intermediate mesoderm

urinary system

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2
Q

what is the first thing that the intermediate mesoderm differentiates into?

after that?

after that?

after that?

after that?

A

urogenital ridge- forms on each side of dorsal aorta—>

portion of ridge forms nephrogenic cord—>

pronephros (becomes rudimentary later)—>

mesonephros- functions briefly in early development

metanephros- permanent kidneys

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3
Q

what intiates cascade leading to formation of definitive kidney?

A

pronephros

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4
Q

when and where does the pronephros appear?

A

appears early week 4 in the cervical region

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5
Q

what structure is featured by pronephros and what does it open up into?

A

pronephric ducts open into the cloaca

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6
Q

when does pronephros degenerate?

what part of it persists?

A

24-45 days

pronephric ducts persist and are used by mesonephros

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7
Q

when and where does mesonephros appear?

what structures does it include?

A

bilateral structures that appear l_ate 4th week_ caudal to pronephros

includes mesonephric ducts and tubules (ducts develop first then induce tubules from surrounding mesoderm)

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8
Q

what do mesonephric tubules form?

what is its function?

when does it stop functioning?

A

renal corpuscles- medial end forms glomerular capsule which wraps around glomerulus (knot of capillaries)

function as interim kidneys from 6-10 weeks and produces a little urine

stops functioniong at 10 weeks

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9
Q

when the renal corpuscles (formed from mesonephric tubules) stop functioning, what do they become in males? females?

A

males: effect ductules- degenerates at 12 weeks
females: regress

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10
Q

what do the mesonephric ducts induce the formation of?

A

caudal end induces uteric bud

(also induces tubules as mentioned in another card)

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11
Q

what two things form metanephros?

A
  1. uteric bud (from mesonephric duct)
  2. metanephric blastema (from nephrogenic cord)
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12
Q

when do definitive/functional kidneys form?

what defines them?

A

9-10 week

have both excretory and collecting portion

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13
Q

what forms renal pelvis?

A

when the uretic bud elongates and penetrates the blastema (which covers bud)

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14
Q

what does stalk of uretic bud become?

A

ureter

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15
Q

what forms collecting tubules?

A

cranial part of bud branches (coming from renal pelvis)

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16
Q

what does the 1st generation of bud branches form (4 of them)?

A

major calices

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17
Q

what does the 2nd generation of bud branches form (4 of them)?

A

minor calices

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18
Q

what does the arched part of the collecting tubules do?

what then forms?

A

induces blastema to form metanephric vesicles—>

vesicles elongate to form metanephric tubules

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19
Q

what do the proximal and distal ends of metanephric tubules form?

A

proximal: forms glomerular capsule which is invaded by glomeruli
distal: lengthens and differentiates into PCT, DCT, and nephron loop

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20
Q

what does each DCT connect to?

A

an arches collecting tubule

21
Q

how are the definitive kidneys placed into the adult position? when does this happen?

what is the kidney now in contact with?

A

start in pelvis but ascend to abdomen, hilum medially rotates 90 degrees

happens by 9th week

in contact with suprarenal glands

** mesonephros degenerates at this point

22
Q

what 2 arteries are the first to supply the definitive kidney?

A

first branch- common iliacs

definiteive renal arteries from abdominal aorta

23
Q

overview

what portion (collecting or excretory) does uretic bud form?

what adult structures does it give rise to?

A

collecting portion

gives rise to: ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts

24
Q

overview

what portion (collecting or excretory) is metanephric blastema?

what adult structures does it give rise to?

A

excretory portion

gives rise to: Bowmans capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT

25
Q

what sex is unilateral renal agenesis most common in?

symptoms?

A

males

usually asymptomatic

26
Q

what causes bilateral renal agenesis?

associated symptoms?

A

oligohydramnios

pulmonary hypoplasia (non-viable) and Potter syndrome

27
Q

what causes duplications in the kidney?

what are the 2 types?

A

abnormal division of uretic bud

  1. incomplete division- divided kidney and bifid ureter
  2. complete- double kidney and bifid or separate ureters
28
Q

what causes horseshoe kidney?

sx?

A

fushion of inferior poles and ascent prevented by IMA (?)

asympotamatic

29
Q

are accessory renal vessels a problem?

(hint: no)

what can happen if they do cause a problem?

A

no- many adults have them

can obstruct ureter and cause hydronephrosis or if end arteries are damaged can cause ischemia

30
Q

what causes polycystic kidney disease?

sx?

A

autosomal recessive mutation of PKHD1

cysts present in both kidneys, renal insufficiency, and pulmonary hypoplasia in some cases

31
Q

what causes multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

sx?

A

cysts are dilations of loop of henle due to abnormal renal development

only one kidney affected in most people

32
Q

where is the urogenital sinus located?

A

in the ventral cloaca (along with anorectal canal)

33
Q

what are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus?

what separates them?

A
  1. vesical part- forms most of bladder
  2. pelvic part- forms neck of bladder, prostatic urethra (in males), urethra (in females)
  3. phallic part- forms spongy urethra (in males) and lining of vagina (in females)

all separted by urorectal septum

34
Q

when does mesonephric duct become incorporated into posterior wall of bladder?

what do they connect to after this?

A

between weeks 4-6

openings travel inferiorly to connect with pelvic urethra

35
Q

what is also connecting to the bladder wall at the same time the mesonephric duct is?

what region is formed when these both are connected to bladder?

A

uretic bud

trigone

36
Q

what is the epithelium of the bladder derived from?

A

endoderm (from urogenital sinus?)

37
Q

what is the submucosa and muscularis of bladder derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

38
Q

what is the trigone derived from (layer wise)?

A

intermediate mesoderm (from mesonephric ducts)

39
Q

how is median umbilical ligament formed?

A

starts with allantois (membrane derived from hindgut)—>

it constricts and forms urachus—>

extends from bladder to umbilicus which then forms ligament

40
Q

what is exstrophy of the bladder (ectopic vesicae)?

when does it arise?

sex most common in?

sx?

A

defective closure of ventral abdominal wall

arises during body folding in 4th week

males

will have exposure of mucosa of the bladder posterior wall

41
Q

what is epispadias?

sex common in?

associated sx?

A

urethral opening on dorsal side of genital tubercle rather than ventral

males

exstrophy of bladder can happen

42
Q

what is anomaly of urachal cysts?

A

remnants of urachus epithelium that become large and infected

43
Q

what is anomaly of urachal sinus?

A

end of urachus remains open into bladder or umbilicus

44
Q

what is anomaly of urachal fistula?

A

entire urachus remains patent and allows escape of urine umbilical orifice

(pee out their belly button. eek)

45
Q

what does the cortex of the suprarenal gland consist of? what does each layer produce?

(review yay!)

A

zona glomerulosa: produces mineralocorticoids

zona fasciculata: produces glucocorticoids

zona reticularis: produces sex hormones and estrogen/testosterone related hormones

46
Q

what does the medulla of suprarenal gland consist of?

A

chromaffin cells (postganglionic sympathetic neurons) that release NE and Epi

47
Q

how does the cortex of the suprarenal gland develop?

A

at week 5, colemic epithelium (somatic mesoderm?) delaminates and enters surrounding mesoderm—>

forms fetal cortical cells—>

becomes definitive cortical cells 2 months after birth—>

cells reorganize and form the zona layers

48
Q

how does medulla of suprarenal gland form?

A

neural crest migrate into area and form chromaffin cells

49
Q

what does the fetal cortical cells secrete to maintain pregnancy?

A

DHEA which is converted by placenta to estradiol

also secretes ACTH and glucocorticoids

CPR Test 2 (14 decks)

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