Renal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is DHEA and what is its importance?

A

secreted by fetal cortex –> converted by placenta to estradiol = essential for normal pregnancy

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2
Q

When do the metanephros arise?

A

during 5th week

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3
Q

When does the suprarenal gland develop in utero? how?

A

5th week: coelomic epithelium delaminates and enters surrounding mesoderm –> cortical cells –> NC cells migrate to medulla –> chromaffin cells

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4
Q

What are the major regions of the ventral cloaca?

What separates them?

A

urogenital sinus and anorectal canal are separated by urorectal septum

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5
Q

How do the major and minor calices form?

A

cranial part of ureteric bud branches –> collecting tubules first generations (4) of tubules –> major calices 2nd generations –> minor calices

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6
Q

How does the nephron form?

A

arched collecting tubules –> induce surrounding blastema to form metanephric vesicles –> elongate to form metanephric tubules –> proximal end = glomerular capsule; distal end differentiates into other tubules

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7
Q

What is a urachal fistula?

A

entire urachus remains patent and allows urine to leak out of umbilical hole

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8
Q

What are accessory renal vessels?

A

multiple renal arteries

~25% of adults

2x common as accessory veins

can obstruct the ureter –> hydronephrosis

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9
Q

What are the 3 sets of early nephric structures?

A

pronephros = first, rudimentary mesonephros = middle metanephros = permanent kidneys

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10
Q

What structures for from the ureteric bud? (4)

A

ureture

renal pelvis

major and minor calyces

collecting ducts

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11
Q

When do the mesonephros appear? When do they degenerate?

A

appear late 4th week function as interim kidneys from week 6-10 degenerate by week 12

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12
Q

How does the blood supply to the kidneys change in utero?

A

as kidneys ascend, renal arteries form, degenerate, and reform

first branch from common iliacs; definitive renal arteries are from abdominal aorta

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13
Q

What makes up the trigone?

A

residual mesonephric duct as it moves inferiorly and the ureteric duct

on posterior wall of bladder

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of kidney duplication?

A

caused by abnormal division of ureteric bud

incomplete division = divided kidney and bifed ureter

complete division = double didney and bifed ureter or separate ureters

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15
Q

What is a urachal sinus?

A

end of urachus remains open into pladder or umbilicus

body fluid can leak out of umbilicus

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16
Q

What is exstrophy of the bladder?

A

1:10-40000

abnormality of body folding in 4th week –> defective closure of ventral abdominal wall = mucosa of posterior bladder wall is exposed to outside

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17
Q

What is horseshoe kidney?

A

1:1000

fusion of inferior poles of kidney

asymptomatic

ascent prevented by Inferior mesenteric artery

18
Q

What is a urachal cysts?

A

remnant of epithelial lining of urachus than can enlarge and get infected

19
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus?

A
  1. vesical part: most superior, forms most of bladder
  2. pelvic part: forms neck of bladder; prostatic urethra and female urethra
  3. phallic part: most inferior; forms spongy urethra (m) and lining of vaginal vestibule (f)
20
Q

What are the 3 zones of the cortex of the suprarenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa: produces mineralcorticoids

zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids

zona reticularis: sex hormones

21
Q

What type of germ tissue does the urinary system develop from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

22
Q

When is the mesonephric duct incorporated into the wall of the bladder?

What happens when they are connected?

A

4-6 weeks

openings are carried inferiorly to the pelvic urethra —> forms the trigone w/ ureteric ducts

23
Q

What is multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

A

abnormal dev of renal system

cysts are likely dilations of loop of henle

one kidney affected (75%)

24
Q

How do the permanent kidneys move in utero?

A

kidneys gradually ascend into the abdomen as pelvis elongates

hilum medially rotates 90 degrees

in adult position by 9th week

25
What is bilateral renal agenesis?
both kidneys dont form due to oligohydramnios 20% of ppl with this have potter syndrome = visible facial deformities, etc assoc w oligohydramnios
26
What structures are induced from intermediate mesoderm in development of the urinary system?
urogenital ridge = raised area of intermediate mesoderm --\> nephrogenic cord --\> pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
27
What germ layers do the parts of the bladder wall form from?
epithelium = endoderm (urogenital sinus) submucosa and muscularis = splanchnic mesoderm trigone = intermediate mesoerm (mesonephric ducts)
28
What happens to the suprarenal glands postnatally?
cortex regresses 2nd month PN --\> difinitive cortical cells reorganize
29
What structure immediately precedes the ureter?
stalk of ureteric bud
30
What is unilateral renal agenesis?
missing a kidney bc ureteric bud doesn't form or deteriorates too soon - no communication btw bud and blastema typically asymptomatic suspected in infants w/ 1 umbilical arter 1:1000, more frequent in males
31
What is epispadias?
urethral opening is on dorsum of penis rather than on ventral side 1:30000
32
What do the mesonephric tubules develop into?
renal corpuscles = glomerulus and bowman's capsule
33
Where are the pronephros and what is their general structure and function?
bilaterally located in cervical region pronephric ducts run caudally and open into the cloaca \*initiate the cascade leading to formation of definitive kidneys
34
What is hydronephrosis and what can it be caused by?
back up of fluid in kidneys can be caused by an accessory renal artery that obstructs the ureter
35
When do the pronephros appear? when do they degenerate?
appear early 4th week degenerate by 24-25 days
36
What characterizes the medulla of the suprarenal gland?
in the middle consists of chromaffin cells = postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete norepinephrine and epi
37
How does the metanephros arise?
caudal end of the mesonephric duct induces ureteric bud --\> elongates and penetrates the metanephrogenic blastema
38
Where are the mesonephros and what is their general structure?
extend from thoracic to lumbar mesonephric ducts form first and extend down to cloaca --\> induce tubules from surrounding intermediate mesoderm
39
What structures (4) form from the metanephric blastema?
(excretory portion) bowman's capsule PCT loop of Henle DCT
40
What is the allantois and what happens to it during development?
endoderm continuous w/ bladder that originally goes out umbilical cord --\> constricts and forms the urachus --\> median umbilical ligament after birth