Renal Diseases

Question 1

Classification of renal disease

Answer 1

Based on the area primarily affected

1. Glomerular
2. Tubular
3. Interstitial

Question 2

Refers to a sterile, inflammatory process that affects the glomerulus and is associated with the finding of blood, protein, and casts in the urine

Answer 2

Glomerulonephritis

Question 3

The causative agent of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Answer 3

Group A Streptococcus

*Contains M protein in the cell wall

Question 4

Another name for Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Answer 4

Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

*Occurs in SLE, deposition of autoimmune complexes such as IgA

Question 5

An autoimmune disorder that produces a cytotoxic autoantibody against the alveolar and glomerular basement membranes (antiglomerular basement antibody) after viral respiratory infections

Answer 5

Goodpasture syndrome

*Antiglomerular basement antibody

Question 6

Key diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis

Answer 6

Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)

Question 7

Key characteristic of membranous glomerulonephritis

Answer 7

Thickening of glomerular basement membrane resulting from the deposition of immunoglobulin G immune complexes

Question 8

Type of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis wherein there is an increased cellularity in the subendothelial cells of Magnesium

Answer 8

Type 1

*Type 2= extremely dense deposition in the glomerular basement membrane

Question 9

Also known as Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy

Answer 9

Berger’s disease

Question 10

Primary protein depleted in the circulation in most cases of renal disorders

Answer 10

Albumin

*Hypoalbuminemia causes liver to compensate by producing lipids

Question 11

Minimal change disease is also known as _

Answer 11

Lipid nephrosis

Question 12

Primary disorder associated with damage to the renal tubules

Answer 12

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 13

Decreased blood flow that causes a lack of oxygen to the tubules

Answer 13

Ischemia

Question 14

General term indicating a severe condition that decreases the blood flow throughout the body

Answer 14

Shock

Question 15

Disorder most frequently associated with tubular dysfunction

Answer 15

Fanconi’s syndrome

Question 16

Fanconi’s syndrome is a generalized failure of tubular reabsorption in the _

Answer 16

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 17

Fanconi’s syndrome may be inherited in association with _ and _

Answer 17

Cystinosis and Hartnup disease

Question 18

Urinalysis finding in Fanconi’s syndrome

Answer 18

Glycosuria with normal blood glucose
Mild proteinuria
Low urinary pH due to failure to reabsorb bicarbonate

Question 19

An inherited disorder of collagen production affecting the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 19

Alport’s syndrome

* The glomerular membrane has a lamellated appearance with areas of thinning

Question 20

Most common cause of end-stage renal disease

Answer 20

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 21

Urine concentration is regulated in _ in response to Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 21

Distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct

Question 22

Where is ADH produced ?

Answer 22

Hypothalamus

Question 23

Inability of renal tubules to respond to antidiuretic hormone

Answer 23

Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

* Neurogenic DI = failure of hypothalamus to produce ADH

Question 24

Nephrogenic DI may be acquired from medications including _

Answer 24

Lithium and Amphotericin B

Question 25

The disorder that affects the reabsorption of glucose only

Answer 25

Renal glycosuria

*autosomal recessive

Question 26

Patients w/ renal glucosuria have normal/increased glucose concentrations in the blood, and an increased glucose urine output

Answer 26

Normal glucose in the blood

Question 27

Most common renal disease

Answer 27

UTI

Question 28

Infection of the bladder

Answer 28

Cystitis

Question 29

Infection of the upper urinary tract including the tubules and the interstitium

Answer 29

Pyelonephritis

Question 30

Type of pyelonephritis which results from the ascending movement of bacteria from a lower UTI into the renal tubules and interstitium

Answer 30

Acute pyelonephritis

Question 31

Reflux of urine from the bladder back into the ureters

Answer 31

Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 32

Most frequent cause of chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 32

Congenital urinary structural defects producing reflux nephropathy

Question 33

Marked by inflammation of the renal interstitium followed by the inflammation of renal tubules

Answer 33

Acute interstitial nephritis

Question 34

Acute interstitial nephritis is primarily associated with _

Answer 34

Allergic reactions to medications that occurs within the renal interstitium
*Symptoms develop 2 weeks after administration

Question 35

Glomerular filtration rate in end-stage renal disease

Answer 35

<25 mL/min

Question 36

Abnormally high levels of waste products in the blood (BUN and Creatinine)

Answer 36

Azotemia

Question 37

Renal calculi vary in size from barely visible to large, staghorn calculi resembling the shape of the renal pelvis and smooth round bladder stones

Answer 37

Renal lithiasis

Question 38

A procedure that uses high-energy shock waves to break stones in the upper urinary tract into pieces

Answer 38

Lithotripsy

Question 39

75% of renal calculi are composed of _

Answer 39

Calcium oxalate /phosphate