Introduction To Urinalysis

Question 1

Urine is the ultra-filtrate of __

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

Major inorganic solid dissolved in urine

Answer 2

Chloride

Question 3

This metabolic waste product produced in the liver accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine (primary organic component)

Answer 3

Urea

Question 4

Give the three organic substances primarily seen in the urine

Answer 4

Urea, creatinine, Uric acid

Question 5

The normal daily output of urine

Answer 5

1200- 1500 mL ( a range of 600-2000mL is considered normal)

Question 6

Decreased urine output

Answer 6

Oliguria

Question 7

Values for oliguria in

1. Infants
2. Children
3. Adults

Answer 7

1. Infants: <1 mL/ kg/ hr
2. Children: <0.4 mL/ kg/ hr
3. Adults: <400mL/ day

Question 8

Cessation of urine flow

Answer 8

Anuria

Question 9

Increase in nocturnal excretion of urine is termed as

Answer 9

Nocturia

Question 10

Increase in daily urine volume

Answer 10

Polyuria

Question 11

Polyuria is usually associated with the diseases states: __ & __

Answer 11

Diabetes Mellitus & Diabetes Insipidus

• diuretics, caffeine, alcohol = suppress the excretion of antidiuretic hormone which leads to polyuria

Question 12

How to differentiate DM from DI

Answer 12

DM has a higher specific gravity because of glucose content; DI has a low specific gravity due to dilution

Question 13

Symptoms of both DM and DI

Answer 13

Polyuria accompanied by Polydipsia

Question 14

Grounds for rejecting a urine specimen

Answer 14

1. Unlabeled containers
2. Contaminated
3. Requisition form and labels do not match
4. Insufficient quantity
5. Improperly transported

Question 15

True / False

You may discard a specimen even before checking with the supervisor if it has grounds for rejection

Answer 15

FALSE. Never discard a specimen before checking with a supervisor

Question 16

Ideal container capacity for urine specimen

Answer 16

50 mL

Question 17

A specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hrs should be __.

Answer 17

Refrigerated

Question 18

Complete the ff: 
Changes in unpreserved urine: 
1. Color 
2. Clarity 
3. Odor 
4. pH
5. Glucose 
6. Ketones 
7. Bilirubin 
8. Urobilinogen 
9. Nitrite 
10. RBC & WBC cells Casts 
11. Bacteria 
12. Trichomonas

Answer 18

1. Color —> darkened
2. Clarity —> Hazy (decreased)
3. Odor —> Increased (breakdown of urea to ammonia)
4. pH —> Increased (loss of CO2)
5. Glucose —> decreased (bacterial use & glycolysis)
6. Ketones —> decreased
7. Urobilinogen —> decreased (Oxidation to urobilin)
8. Nitrite —> increased (multiplication of nitrate reducing bacteria)
9. RBC/WBC cells and casts —> decreased (disintegration due to alkaline urine)
10. Bacteria —> increased
11. Trichomonas —> lost of motility / death

Question 19

What is the ideal preservative for urine

Answer 19

Bactericidal, inhibit urease, preserves formed elements

Question 20

Type of urine specimen for prostatic infection

Answer 20

Three - glass collection

Question 21

Type of specimen for bladder urine for bacterial culture and cytology

Answer 21

Suprapubic aspiration

Question 22

Specimen used for routine screening and bacterial culture

Answer 22

Midstream clean- catch

Question 23

Used for bacterial culture for patients who are bedridden

Answer 23

Catheterized specimen

Question 24

Type of specimen bused for quantitative chemical tests

Answer 24

24 hr or timed specimen

** because many electrolytes & solutes are diurnal (electrolytes are of highest conc. In the afternoon)

Question 25

First morning specimen is ideal for: __, __ & __

Answer 25

Routine screening, pregnancy tests, orthostatic proteinuria

Question 26

The most commonly received urine specimen

Answer 26

Random specimen

Question 27

In the 24 hour / timed specimen, the patient must begin and end the collection period with an ___ bladder

Answer 27

Empty bladder

Question 28

True / False In the three glass collection, the prostrate is massaged before collecting the 2nd sterile container

Answer 28

FALSE. Prostrate is massaged before 3rd glass collection

Question 29

Give the purpose of the three glass collection : Glass 1 Glass 2 Glass 3

Answer 29

Glass 1 & 3 : Used to determine the prostatic infection | Glass 2: control for bladder and kidney infection

Question 30

True / False If 2nd glass tube (in the 3-glass collection specimen) is POSITIVE, the third glass tube is considered Invalid because infected urine has contaminated the specimen

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

Drug specimen collection documentation from the time of collection to the receipt of results

Answer 31

Chain of Custody

Question 32

Sample volume obtained for urine drug tests

Answer 32

30-45 mL

Question 33

In urine drug test, temperature must be taken within __ min. from the time of collection, and must be in the range of __.

Answer 33

4 min, 32.5C-37.7C

Question 34

Added to the toilet paper stor to prevent adulterated specimen

Answer 34

Blueing agent (dye)

Question 35

The most sterile urine specimen collected is a

Answer 35

Suprapubic aspiration

Question 36

Prolonged exposure of a preserved urine specimen to light will cause __

Answer 36

Decreased bilirubin

Question 37

The primary cause of unsatisfactory results in an unpreserved routine specimen not tested for 8 hrs is:

Answer 37

Bacterial growth

Question 38

If a patient fails to discard the first specimen when collecting a timed specimen, the specimen must be ___ Because ___

Answer 38

Discarded ; results will be falsely elevated

Question 39

If a routine urinalysis and a culture are requested on a catheterized specimen, then which should be performed first?

Answer 39

Routine urinalysis