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Clinical Microscopy > Introduction To Urinalysis > Flashcards

Introduction To Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Urine is the ultra-filtrate of __

A

Plasma

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2
Q

Major inorganic solid dissolved in urine

A

Chloride

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3
Q

This metabolic waste product produced in the liver accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine (primary organic component)

A

Urea

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4
Q

Give the three organic substances primarily seen in the urine

A

Urea, creatinine, Uric acid

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5
Q

The normal daily output of urine

A

1200- 1500 mL ( a range of 600-2000mL is considered normal)

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6
Q

Decreased urine output

A

Oliguria

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7
Q

Values for oliguria in

  1. Infants
  2. Children
  3. Adults
A
  1. Infants: <1 mL/ kg/ hr
  2. Children: <0.4 mL/ kg/ hr
  3. Adults: <400mL/ day
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8
Q

Cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

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9
Q

Increase in nocturnal excretion of urine is termed as

A

Nocturia

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10
Q

Increase in daily urine volume

A

Polyuria

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11
Q

Polyuria is usually associated with the diseases states: __ & __

A

Diabetes Mellitus & Diabetes Insipidus

  • diuretics, caffeine, alcohol = suppress the excretion of antidiuretic hormone which leads to polyuria
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12
Q

How to differentiate DM from DI

A

DM has a higher specific gravity because of glucose content; DI has a low specific gravity due to dilution

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13
Q

Symptoms of both DM and DI

A

Polyuria accompanied by Polydipsia

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14
Q

Grounds for rejecting a urine specimen

A
  1. Unlabeled containers
  2. Contaminated
  3. Requisition form and labels do not match
  4. Insufficient quantity
  5. Improperly transported
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15
Q

True / False

You may discard a specimen even before checking with the supervisor if it has grounds for rejection

A

FALSE. Never discard a specimen before checking with a supervisor

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16
Q

Ideal container capacity for urine specimen

A

50 mL

17
Q

A specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hrs should be __.

A

Refrigerated

18
Q 
Complete the ff: 
Changes in unpreserved urine: 
1. Color 
2. Clarity 
3. Odor 
4. pH
5. Glucose 
6. Ketones 
7. Bilirubin 
8. Urobilinogen 
9. Nitrite 
10. RBC & WBC cells Casts 
11. Bacteria 
12. Trichomonas
A
  1. Color —> darkened
  2. Clarity —> Hazy (decreased)
  3. Odor —> Increased (breakdown of urea to ammonia)
  4. pH —> Increased (loss of CO2)
  5. Glucose —> decreased (bacterial use & glycolysis)
  6. Ketones —> decreased
  7. Urobilinogen —> decreased (Oxidation to urobilin)
  8. Nitrite —> increased (multiplication of nitrate reducing bacteria)
  9. RBC/WBC cells and casts —> decreased (disintegration due to alkaline urine)
  10. Bacteria —> increased
  11. Trichomonas —> lost of motility / death
19
Q

What is the ideal preservative for urine

A

Bactericidal, inhibit urease, preserves formed elements

20
Q

Type of urine specimen for prostatic infection

A

Three - glass collection

21
Q

Type of specimen for bladder urine for bacterial culture and cytology

A

Suprapubic aspiration

22
Q

Specimen used for routine screening and bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean- catch

23
Q

Used for bacterial culture for patients who are bedridden

A

Catheterized specimen

24
Q

Type of specimen bused for quantitative chemical tests

A

24 hr or timed specimen

** because many electrolytes & solutes are diurnal (electrolytes are of highest conc. In the afternoon)

25
Q

First morning specimen is ideal for: __, __ & __

A

Routine screening, pregnancy tests, orthostatic proteinuria

26
Q

The most commonly received urine specimen

A

Random specimen

27
Q

In the 24 hour / timed specimen, the patient must begin and end the collection period with an ___ bladder

A

Empty bladder

28
Q

True / False

In the three glass collection, the prostrate is massaged before collecting the 2nd sterile container

A

FALSE. Prostrate is massaged before 3rd glass collection

29
Q

Give the purpose of the three glass collection :

Glass 1
Glass 2
Glass 3

A

Glass 1 & 3 : Used to determine the prostatic infection

Glass 2: control for bladder and kidney infection

30
Q

True / False
If 2nd glass tube (in the 3-glass collection specimen) is POSITIVE, the third glass tube is considered Invalid because infected urine has contaminated the specimen

A

TRUE

31
Q

Drug specimen collection documentation from the time of collection to the receipt of results

A

Chain of Custody

32
Q

Sample volume obtained for urine drug tests

A

30-45 mL

33
Q

In urine drug test, temperature must be taken within __ min. from the time of collection, and must be in the range of __.

A

4 min, 32.5C-37.7C

34
Q

Added to the toilet paper stor to prevent adulterated specimen

A

Blueing agent (dye)

35
Q

The most sterile urine specimen collected is a

A

Suprapubic aspiration

36
Q

Prolonged exposure of a preserved urine specimen to light will cause __

A

Decreased bilirubin

37
Q

The primary cause of unsatisfactory results in an unpreserved routine specimen not tested for 8 hrs is:

A

Bacterial growth

38
Q

If a patient fails to discard the first specimen when collecting a timed specimen, the specimen must be ___ Because ___

A

Discarded ; results will be falsely elevated

39
Q

If a routine urinalysis and a culture are requested on a catheterized specimen, then which should be performed first?

A

Routine urinalysis

Clinical Microscopy (7 decks)

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