Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Lectures > Renal disease/GI disease > Flashcards

Renal disease/GI disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

An infectious, inflammatory disease involving the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acute Pyelonephritis

A

typically related to a bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chronic Pyelonephritis

A

a tubulointerstitial disorder marked by progressive, gross, and irregular scarring and deformation of the calices and overlying parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis may be responsible for up to 25% of the population with

A

end stage renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis

A

Onset of symptoms and signs with acute disease is usually abrupt
May include fever, chills, malaise, headache, and back pain
May complain of tenderness over the costovertebral angle
Often also present are symptoms of bladder irritation – dysuria, urinary frequency, and urgency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

most common adult renal neoplasm accounting for 80-90% of renal tumors
kidney cancer usually silent during early stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Classic triad associated with renal cancer:

A

hematuria, abdominal or flank pain, and a palpable abdominal mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most common finding of renal cell carcinoma:

A

Hematuria (urine in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other physical findings of renal cell carcinoma:

A

flank pain, weight loss, anemia, abdominal mass, and fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Important questions during hx?

A

Questions related to hematuria, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, fever, and malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common metastatic cancer to sterum?

A

renal cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Renal Cystic Disease

A

a cavity filled with fluid or renal tubular elements making up a semisolid material
May also be a segment of a dilated nephron
single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can a renal cyst lead to?

A

degeneration of renal tissue and obstruction of tubular flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 types of renal cystic disease?

A

polycystic kidney disease
medullary sponge kidney
acquired cystic disease
single or mutiple cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

one of the most common hereditary disorders in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common form of renal cystic disease?

A

simple renal cysts

usually less than 1 cm in diameter and do not produce symptoms or compromise renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are simple or solitary cysts found?

A

incidentally on routine urographic examination or lumbar spine imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is abdominal flank pain associated with?

A

bleeding into the cyst or growth of the cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What usually accounts for gross hematuria?

A

rupture of a cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can renal cysts cause?

A

hypertension, UTIs, developing cerebral or aortic aneurysms and mitral valve problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the four categories of urinary incontinence?

A

total incontinence
stress incontinence
urge incontinence
overflow incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Total incontinence

A

includes people who lose urine at all times regardless of body position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stress incontinence

A

the loss of urine during activities that increased intra-abdominal pressure such as coughing, lifting, or laughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Urge incontinence

A

uncontrolled loss of urine, which is preceded by an unexpected, strong urge to void

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

the uncontrolled loss of urine when intravesicular pressure exceeds outlet resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Risk factors for urinary incontinence

A 
Pelvic floor weakness
History of myelomeningocele
History of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Fecal impaction
Medication use, including diuretics, tranquilizers, and decongestants
Pelvic surgery
Bladder irritation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Upper GI tract

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

Aids in the ingestion and digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lower GI traction

A

Small and large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

accomplishes digestion and absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

absorbs water and electrolytes, storing waste products of digestion until elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

GI Signs and Symptoms

A 
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Constipation
Dysphagia
Achalasia
Heartburn
Abdominal pain
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Hematemesis
Melena
Hematochezia
Fecal Incontinence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When does nausea occur?

A

when nerve endings in the stomach and other parts of the body are irritated
precedes vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The involuntary autonomic nervous system:

A

vomiting mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Complications of vomiting:

A 
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Pulmonary aspiration of vomitus
Gastroesophageal mucosal tear (Mallory-Weiss syndrome) 
Malnutrition
Rupture of the esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does diarrhea result in:

A

poor absorption of waters and nutritive elements and electrolytes, fluid volume deficit and acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are systematic effects of prolonged diarrhea?

A

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and weight loss

37
Q

Causes of diarrhea:

A

malabsorption (pancreatitis, Crohn’s), neuromuscular (IBS, Caffeine), mechanical (fecal impaction, postsurgical effect), infectious/inflammatory (viral, bacterial, parasitic), or nonspecific causes (Crohn’s, UC, diet, food allergy, antibiotics, lactose intolerance, food poisoning)

38
Q

Constipation

A

condition in which fecal matter is too hard to pass easily or in which bowel movements are so infrequent that discomfort and other symptoms interfere with daily activities.

39
Q

When can constipation occur?

A

a result of other factors such as diet, dehydration, side effects of medication, acute or chronic diseases of the digestive system, inactivity or prolonged bed rest, emotional stress, personality, and lack of exercise

40
Q

Dysphagia

A

May be caused by neurologic conditions, local trauma and muscle damage, or mechanical obstruction

41
Q

Intrinsic obstruction:

A

originating in the wall of the esophageal lumen - tumors, strictures, diverticular herniations

42
Q

Extrinsic obstruction:

A

outside the esophageal lumen – tumors or swelling that prevents the passage of food

43
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure to relax the smooth muscle fibers of the GI tract.

44
Q

What does achalasia occur as a result of?

A

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax normally with swallowing

45
Q

What do people suffering from achalasia feel?

A

feeling of fullness in the sternal region and progressive dysphagia

46
Q

Possible cause of achalasia?

A

loss of absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus (nerve plexus in the muscular layers of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines) of the esophagus appears to be part of the cause

47
Q

Other names for heartburn:

A

dyspepsia, pyrosis, or indigestion

48
Q

What can bring on heartburn?

A

hiatal hernia, ingestion of certain foods, drugs such as alcohol and aspirin, and movements such as lifting, stooping, or bending over after a large meal may bring on heartburn

49
Q

What does the vagus nerve do to the stomach?

A

controls the secretory and motility functions of the stomach – this causes the stomach to churn, increases the flow of gastric juices, and causes contraction and spasm of the pylorus. If stomach contents displace into esophagus, heartburn occurs

50
Q

Mechanical pain

A

occurs by stretching the wall of a hollow organ or the capsule of a solid organ

51
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

occurs via the release of mediators such as prostaglandins, histamines, and serotonin or bradykinin stimulating sensory nerve endings

52
Q

Ischemic pain

A

occurs as tissue metabolites are release in the area of diminished blood flow

53
Q

Referred pain

A

usually well localized and may be associated with hyperalgesia and muscle guarding. Pain from the spine can be referred to the abdomen – usually shows hyperesthesia over the spinal dermatome and is worse with coughing, sneezing, or straining

54
Q

coffee-ground emesis

A

blood that has been in contact with hydrochloric acid

55
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of bright-red blood

56
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools

57
Q

hematochezia

A

bleeding from the rectum, or maroon-colored stools

58
Q

Types of GI Bleeding:

A

coffee-ground emesis, melena, hematemesis, hemotochezia

59
Q

Major causes of GI bleeding in therapy population:

A

erosive gastritis

60
Q

Causes of erosive gastritis:

A

Severely ill people with major trauma or systemic illness, burns, or head injury
Peptic ulcers
NSAIDs such as aspirin or ibuprofen
Chronic alcohol abuse

61
Q

Complications of GI bleeding:

A

fatigue, postural hypotension, tachycardia, weakness, or shortness of breath on exertion
Slow, chronic blood loss may result in iron deficiency anemia

62
Q

Fecal incontinence

A

Inability to control bowel movements

63
Q

Psychological factors of fecal incontinence:

A

anxiety, confusion, disorientation, and depression

64
Q

Physiologic factors of fecal incontinence:

A

neurologic sensory and motor impairment (stroke and spinal cord injury), anal distortion secondary to childbirth, altered levels of consciousness, and severe diarrhea

65
Q

Constitutional symptoms

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Malaise
Fatigue
Fever
Night sweats
Pallor
Diaphoresis
Dizziness
66
Q

Possible cause of difficulty swallowing:

A

Forward head posture or anterior disk protrusion

67
Q

What can an acute ulcer present as?

A

thoracolumbar junction pain

68
Q

Kehr’s sign

A

Pain in the left shoulder caused by free air or blood in the abdominal cavity

69
Q

When can Kehr’s sign occur?

A

perforation of viscus (stomach ulcer, diverticular disease), following laparoscopy, or rupture of spleen

70
Q

What can also elicit Kehr’s sign?

A

Any precipitating trauma or injury, such as a sharp blow during an athletic event, a fall, assault, or automobile accident

71
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Occurs when the cardiac (lower esophageal) sphincter becomes enlarged, allowing the stomach to pass through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity

72
Q

Congential hiatal hernia:

A

resulting from a failure of formation or fusion of the multiple developmental components of the diaphragm

73
Q

Acquired hiatal hernia:

A

result of penetrating wounds, particular stab wounds of GSW; blunt trauma as occurs in MVAs, and less commonly as a result of surgical trauma, empyema, and subphrenic abscess

74
Q

What should be avoided with hiatal hernia?

A

flat supine position and exercises requiring valsalva maneuver

75
Q

Esophagitis

A

an inflammation of the esophagus

76
Q

What can esophagitis be a result of?

A

reflux (backward flow) of gastric juices, infections, chemical irritants, involvement by systemic diseases or physical agents such as radiation

77
Q

Most common type of refluc?

A

Reflux esophagitis

78
Q

Primary symptoms of GERD?

A

Heartburn, reflux, dysphagia, and painful swallowing

Described as a burning sensation that moves up and down and may radiate to the back, neck, or jaw

79
Q

PT considerations for GERD:

A

Any treatment requiring supine position should be scheduled before meals and avoided just after eating

80
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach

81
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

break in the protective mucosal lining exposing submucosal areas to gastric secretions

82
Q

What does peptic refer to?

A

pepsin, an enzyme that is the principal digestive component of gastric juice

83
Q

Gastric

A

affecting the lining of the stomach

84
Q

Duodenal

A

occurs in the duodenum

2-3x more common that gastric ulcers

85
Q

Classic symptom of peptic ulcer disease:

A

pain described as burning, gnawing, cramping, or aching near the xiphoid, coming in waves that last several minutes

86
Q

Perforation of the posterior duodenal wall causes

A

steady midline pain in the thoracic spine from T6-T10 with radiation into the right upper quadrant

87
Q

Back pain relieved by antacids is an indication

A

GI involvement and must be reported to the physician

88
Q

Mechanical Obstructive Disease (Hernia)

A

An acquired or congenital abnormal protrusion of part of an organ or tissue through the structure normally containing it

89
Q

Most common types of hernia:

A

inguinal (75% of all hernias), femoral, umbilical, and incisional or ventral

Medical Lectures (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions